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. 2022 Sep 26;9:997876. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.997876

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Copyright © 2022 Roseti and Grigolo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of COVID-19 immune patterns. In the left-upper part of the scheme, SARS-CoV-2 enters the host's cells through the ACE-2 specific receptor and triggering several patterns. Clockwise from the left they are: T cell activation through a high expression of CD69, CD38, and CD44, 0X40 and 4-1BB; lymphopenia including NK, CD4-T, CD8-T and B-cells; lymphocyte dysfunction including NK and T-cells; monocytes and granulocyte abnormalities (increased neutrophil levels, decreased eosinophil, basophil, and monocyte levels), increased amount of antibodies and cytokines.