Table 2.

Penalized maximum likelihood logistic regression of financial indebtedness and suicide in Sweden 2015 to 2017.

Variable	Model 1 crude OR [95% CI]	Model 2 adjusted OR [95% CI]	Model 3 adjusted OR [95% CI]	Model 4 adjusted OR [95% CI]
Independent variable
Financial indebtedness
Debt registered at the Enforcement Authority (reference category: other)	3.94 [3.08–5.04]*	3.84 [2.99–4.92]*	2.77 [2.14–3.60]*	2.50 [1.92–3.27]*
Control variables
Age
Year of birth (continuous)		0.98 [0.97–0.99]*	0.98 [0.98–0.98]*	0.98 [0.97–0.98]*
Gender
Men (reference category: women)		2.03 [1.52–2.72]*	2.45 [1.82–3.30]*	2.32 [1.72–3.13]*
Place of birth
Born in Sweden (reference category: foreign born)		1.52 [1.07–2.16]*	1.31 [0.93–1.86]	1.42 [0.99–2.03]
Region of residence
Living in a big city (reference category: other)		0.87 [0.68–1.11]	0.86 [0.67–1.10]	0.90 [0.70–1.15]
Single-person household
Single (reference category: other family constellations)		3.12 [2.44–4.00]*	2.54 [1.98–3.27]*	2.51 [1.95–3.23]*
Mood disorder
Prescribed antidepressants (reference category: other)			4.59 [3.50–6.03]*	4.43 [3.37–5.81]*
Substance abuse
Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use (reference category: other)			7.59 [4.78–12.03]*	5.69 [3.50–9.24]*
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders (reference category: other)			8.06 [3.55–18.22]*	7.78 [3.42–17.68]*
Unemployment
Unemployed (reference category: other)				1.15 [0.81–1.63]
Social welfare recipiency
Received social assistance (reference category: other)				1.44 [0.94–2.22]
Education
Pre-upper secondary (reference category: post-upper secondary education)				1.27 [0.87–1.85]
Upper secondary (reference category: post-secondary education)				1.31 [0.97–1.77]
Criminality
Convicted of a criminal offence (reference category: other)				2.49 [1.54–4.05]*
Suicides	258	258	258	258
Total study population (n)	n = 1,109,107	n = 1,109,107	n = 1,109,107	n = 1,109,107

^*Statistically significant (at the 5% level).