Table 2.

Common drugs prescribed for the treatment of COVID-19

Name of the drug	Type of drugs	Mechanism of action	Clinical trial outcomes	Remarks	References
Umifenovir	Antiviral	Inhibits viral replication	Reduce the viral load to zero during clinical trials	It has been determined that umifenovir is ineffective in some variants of SARS-CoV-2 in patients	[180, 181]
Favipiravir	Antiviral	It effectively prevents RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from becoming active	The primary outcome was the effect of favipiravir on reducing the time to viral clearance within 15 days of starting the treatment compared to the placebo group	Demonstrated effectiveness against several SARS-CoV-2 variants including delta and omicron	[182–185]
Remdesivir	Antiviral	It is a nucleoside analog and inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)	Clinical state differed statistically significantly after a 5-day regimen of remdesivir	In numerous in vitro studies, Omicron, Delta, and other new SARS-CoV-2 variants were discovered	[62, 186, 187]
Ribavirin	Antiviral	By attaching to the nucleotide-binding site of the enzyme, inhibits viral mRNA polymerase	Ribavirin was supposed to be effective in curing coronavirus illness due to its broad-spectrum suppression of RNA viruses	Variants that are both susceptible to and resistant to ribavirin have been discovered in increasing numbers	[188–190]
Ivermectin	Anti-parasitic	The intracellular key transport is the ivermectin acts by inhibiting host importin alpha/beta-1 nuclear transport proteins	Except in clinical trials, the Panel advises against using ivermectin to treat COVID-19	Regardless of the strain or variant of concern, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, or omicron, ivermectin demonstrated a rather homogenous in vitro action against SARS-CoV-2	[191]
Camostat	Serine protease inhibitor	Suppress SARS-CoV-2 invasion in lung cells by inhibiting the virus-activating host cell protease TMPRSS2	According to a pilot finding in clinical trials, camostat may also be useful in treating the most severe COVID-19 instances accompanied by organ dysfunction	It blocks several serine proteases linked to the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viruses	[192, 193]
Nafamostat	Proteolytic inhibitor	Nafamostat inhibits MERS-CoV infection by blocking TMPRSS2 activity, which prevents membrane fusion between both the virus and human cells	The antiviral efficacy of nafamostat suggests that it has the potential to be an effective COVID-19 therapy option	This drug is effective against SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-Cov	[194]
Famotidine	Histamin blocker	Competitive histidine H-receptor antagonist	Decrease of inflammation within the body and reported earlier alleviation of symptoms	This drug is effective against SARS-CoV-2	[195]
Molnupiravir	Monoclonal antibody (mAbs)	It is a unique nucleoside analog with wide antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Molnupiravir prevents the replication of many viruses	Based on clinical trial data, it appears that molnupiravir operates as a mutagenizing agent that induces an "error catastrophe" during viral replication	It has been demonstrated that molnupiravir works well against SARS-CoV-2 variants other than the Omicron type	[196, 197]
Babtelovimab	Monoclonal antibody (mAbs)	A recombinant neutralizing human IgG1 monoclonal antibody called bamlanivimab binds to the receptor-binding region of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and stops the spike protein from attaching to the human ACE2	In comparison to the placebo, bamlanivimab plus etesevima lowered the rate of hospitalization and deaths attributable to Covid-19 and hastened the reduction in SARS-CoV-2 viral load	All COVID-19 variations of interest, including BA.2, the strain that is currently dominant in the United States, are responsive to bebtelovimab	[198, 199]
Casirivimab	Monoclonal antibody (mAbs)	The clinical therapy of coronavirus disease is proposed to use neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19	Various variants of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein's many epitopes are targeted by antibodies	It shows a better response against SARS-COV -2	[200–202]
Sotrovimab	Monoclonal antibody (mAbs)	This antibody binds to an epitope on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD), where it blocks an unidentified process that happens after viral attachment but before the fusing of the viral and host cell membranes	It is still unknown how immunization affects the safety and efficacy of sotrovimab	It shows a better response against SARS-COV -2, but 20-fold less effective against omicron variant	[203–205]
Tixagevimab	Monoclonal antibody (mAbs)	It consists of a mixture of two human monoclonal antibodies, tixagevimab (AZD8895) and cilgavimab (AZD1061), both of which are directed against the surface spike protein of SARS-CoV-2	It maintained antiviral activity and reduces hospitalizations by more than 50% in non-hospitalized individuals	Without any obvious safety issues, AZD7442 was effective in preventing Covid-19 with a single dose	[192, 206, 207]
AT-527	Antiviral	It act as an Guanosine Nucleotide analog	Undergoing clinical trial for efficacy in COVID-19	It has been shown to be effective against Hepatitis C virus and can play role in SARS-CoV-2	[50]
Niclosamide	Antihelmint drug	It decreases the replication of virus by inhibiting S- phase kinase associated protein activity	Undergoing clinical trial for efficacy in COVID-19	It inhibits COVID-19 infection and decrease cytokine stroms in COVID-19 patients	[50]
Dexamethasone	Corticosteroids drug	Suppress Immune System	Found to be effective in COVID-19 patients	Improve recovery, prevent cytokine stroms in COVID-19 patients, decrease inflammmtion and fluid retention in lungs	[50]
Artesunate	Antimalarial	It decreases the replication of viruses	Found to be effective in COVID-19 patients	It’s a combination of two drug such as Artesunate and pyronaridine and shows a broad spectrum of antimalarial activity	[50]