Table 3.

Areal bone mineral density and body composition of the participants according to the mean hemoglobin A1C at – 12 month

DXA Parameter	Group 1 no T2DM (n = 91)	Group 2 A1c ≤ 7% (n = 26)	Group 3 A1c > 7% (n = 52)	Significance (p)	Adjusted p value
BMD Femoral Neck (g/cm2)	0.98 ± 0.14	0.89 ± 0.11a	0.94 ± 0.15	0.03	0.12
BMD Lumbar Spine (g/cm2)	1.10 ± 0.15	1.16 ± 0.16	1.12 ± 0.17	0.36	0.87
BMD Total Hip (g/cm2)	1.13 ± 0.13	1.10 ± 0.12	1.11 ± 0.13	0.33	0.43
BMD Total (g/cm2)	1.15 ± 0.12	1.17 ± 0.11	1.15 ± 0.10	0.58	0.74
TBS Score	1.26 ± 0.15	1.22 ± 0.12	1.21 ± 0.15	0.48	0.28
VAT volume (cm3)	1.27 ± 0.42	1.44 ± 0.38	1.28 ± 0.39	0.18	0.13
FFM (kg)	75.7 ± 8.2	75.3 ± 6.1	73.6 ± 10.3	0.42	0.59
ALM (kg)	33.1 ± 5.6	31.5 ± 4.7	32.3 ± 5.8	0.41	0.55
Total Body Fat (%)	39.7 ± 5.0	40.4 ± 4.6a	38.2 ± 5.2	0.13	0.03
Total Mass (kg)	126.5 ± 18.9	127.0 ± 14.8	120.2 ± 22.4	0.17	0.12
BMC (kg)	2.80 ± 0.43	2.91 ± 0.40	2.73 ± 0.35	0.22	0.29

Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. p values are shown both raw and adjusted for age, BMI, ethnicity, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and free testosterone levels. − 12 Month: 12 months prior to study enrollment. Bolded p values are statistically significant

BMD bone mineral density, TBS trabecular bone score, VAT visceral adipose tissue, FFM fat-free mass, ALM appendicular lean mass, BMC bone mineral content.

Post-hoc analyses, indicating that the value is:

^a)p < 0.05 compared to group 1, and

^b)p < 0.05 compared to group 2