Table 4.
Bone microarchitecture, geometry, and strength parameters of the study participants according to the mean hemoglobin A1C at – 12 month
| Bone parameter | Group 1 no T2DM (n = 91) | Group 2 A1c ≤ 7% (n = 26) | Group 3 A1c > 7% (n = 52) | Significance (p) | Adjusted p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radius | |||||
| Total Area (mm2) | 408.2 ± 71.3 | 410.7 ± 61.3 | 372.0 ± 76.0a,b | 0.02 | 0.003 |
| Total.vBMD (mgHA/cm3) | 322.2 ± 55.3 | 327.0 ± 64.0 | 329.6 ± 58.2 | 0.77 | 0.90 |
| Tb.vBMD (mgHA/cm3) | 184.3 ± 35.3 | 181.1 ± 40.9 | 176.9 ± 33.4 | 0.53 | 0.65 |
| Tb.Th (mm) | 0.24 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | 0.45 | 0.51 |
| Tb.N (1/mm) | 1.59 ± 0.22 | 1.62 ± 0.23 | 1.53 ± 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.15 |
| Tb.Sp (mm) | 0.59 ± 0.08 | 0.59 ± 0.11 | 0.61 ± 0.08 | 0.37 | 0.28 |
| Ct.vBMD (mgHA/cm3) | 871.3 ± 45.4 | 882.0 ± 59.7 | 878.5 ± 53.9 | 0.57 | 0.53 |
| Ct.Pm (mm) | 86.9 ± 7.9 | 87.5 ± 9.2 | 83.4 ± 9.9a | 0.07 | 0.05 |
| Ct.Th (mm) | 1.12 ± 0.22 | 1.15 ± 0.22 | 1.16 ± 0.19 | 0.54 | 0.86 |
| Ct.Po | 0.009 ± 0.004 | 0.008 ± 0.003 | 0.009 ± 0.005 | 0.60 | 0.59 |
| Stiffness (kN/mm) | 96.1 ± 2.2 | 97.3 ± 2.3 | 91.5 ± 1.9 | 0.43 | 0.37 |
| Failure Load (kN) | 5.22 ± 1.18 | 5.30 ± 1.25 | 4.95 ± 1.04 | 0.35 | 0.31 |
| Tibia | |||||
| Total Area (mm2) | 903.2 ± 144.6 | 950.3 ± 87.9 | 886.1 ± 169.6 | 0.22 | 0.10 |
| Total.vBMD (mgHA/cm3) | 334.9 ± 51.4 | 317.1 ± 37.8 | 313.1 ± 54.9a | 0.05 | 0.16 |
| Tb.vBMD (mgHA/cm3) | 189.7 ± 43.4 | 182.1 ± 27.9 | 173.7 ± 34.7 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
| Tb.Th (mm) | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.17 |
| Tb.N (1/mm) | 1.58 ± 0.26 | 1.63 ± 0.23 | 1.47 ± 0.21a,b | 0.01 | 0.007 |
| Tb.Sp (mm) | 0.62 ± 0.11 | 0.60 ± 0.10 | 0.67 ± 0.11a,b | 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Ct.vBMD (mgHA/cm3) | 898.9 ± 46.6 | 887.6 ± 43.5 | 879.0 ± 54.3 | 0.08 | 0.23 |
| Ct.Pm (mm) | 117.0 ± 11.0 | 122.1 ± 6.9 | 117.4 ± 11.7 | 0.12 | 0.39 |
| Ct.Th (mm) | 1.87 ± 0.33 | 1.78 ± 0.31 | 1.76 ± 0.43 | 0.22 | 0.74 |
| Ct.Po | 0.025 ± 0.011 | 0.025 ± 0.008 | 0.026 ± 0.012 | 0.85 | 0.86 |
| Stiffness (kN/mm) | 264.3 ± 44.8 | 258.1 ± 39.3 | 240.0 ± 46.0a | 0.01 | 0.006 |
| Failure Load (kN) | 14.3 ± 2.3 | 14.0 ± 2.0 | 13.0 ± 2.4a | 0.01 | 0.004 |
Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. p values are shown both raw and adjusted for age, BMI, ethnicity, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and free testosterone levels. Bolded p values are statistically significant. − 12 Month: 12 months prior to study enrollment, vBMD volumetric bone mineral density, Tb trabecular, Th thickness, N number, Sp separation, Ct. cortical, Pm perimeter, Po porosity.
Post-hoc analyses, indicating that the value is:
a)
p < 0.05 compared to group 1, and
b)
p < 0.05 compared to group 2