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. 2022 Oct 10;41:296. doi: 10.1186/s13046-022-02499-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — GC-derived exosomes promote M2-like polarization of intrahepatic macrophages. A. Representative fluorescence images of mouse liver, lung, brain, bone, and kidney tissues after injection of PKH26-labelled exosomes from MKN45 and MKN45-HL cells into the tail vein. B. Representative immunofluorescence showing colocalization between exosomes and macrophages (F4/80) in mouse liver after tail vein injection of PKH26-labeled exosomes. Scale bar = 50 μm. C, D. Representative immunofluorescence image showing internalization of PKH26-labeled MKN45/MKN45-HL-derived exosomes (red) by PMA-treated THP-1 cells. Scale bar = 20 μm. E, F. The expression of typical M2 markers (CD163, IL10, TGF-β, and VEGFA) and M1 markers (iNOS and TNFA) in PMA-treated THP-1 cells incubated with MKN45/MKN45-HL-derived exosomes or PBS (control) were examined by qRT-PCR. G. The effect of GC cell-derived exosomes on the expression of CD206 (M2 marker) was detected by flow cytometry. H. Immunostaining of CD206 (M2 marker) and F4/80 (macrophage marker) in livers of mice educated with PBS, MKN45 exosomes or MKN45-HL exosomes. Scale bar = 50 μm. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation of 3 independent experiments, and statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA test (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001)