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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 10.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Virol. 2015 Sep 25;2(1):549–572. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-055249

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs): the mediators of the biological effects of IFNs. Type I IFN signaling transcriptionally induces ISGs, whose protein products are the effectors of IFN actions that inhibit virus life cycles. Other ISG proteins mediate proapoptotic effects or general inhibition of translation. Certain cell types show slowed proliferation after continuous IFN exposure. IFN action on immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), is important for shaping the innate and adaptive immune responses extrinsic to the infected cells. A transcription-independent effect of IFNs is the activation of mTOR kinase via the AKT pathway, a major promoter of translation.