Table 5. Results of multilevel binary logistic regression analysis on the continuum of the maternal care pathway among participants in the Hadiya zone, 2021.
| Independent variables | Model I | Model II | Model II |
|---|---|---|---|
| ANC4+ | ANC4+ & SBA | ANC4+ & SBA & PNC(CoC) | |
| AOR(95%CI) | AOR(95%CI) | AOR(95%CI) | |
| Fixed effect | |||
| Individual factors | |||
| Mother’s age(ref = ≥35) | |||
| 15–24 | 1.5(.7, 4.0) | 0.8(0.3, 2.6) | 0.6(0.3, 1.9) |
| 25–29 | 2.0(1.1, 3.6)* | 1.3(0.7,2.6) | 0.6(0.3, 1.4) |
| 30–34 | 2.0(1.1, 3.7)* | 2.1(1.1, 4.2)* | 0.8(0.3,1.8) |
| Mother’s education(ref = Cannot read and write) | |||
| ad and write | 1.3(.6, 2.6) | 0.8(.4, 1.6) .8 | 1.1(0.4, 3.2) |
| Primary | .9(.5, 1.6) | 0.8(.4, 1.2) | 1.5(0.7, 3.4) |
| Secondary | .7(0..3,1.6) | 0.5(.2, 1.1) | .9(0.3, 3.1) |
| Higher | 3.1(1.2, 8.0)* | 1.4(.3, 1.9) | 5.1(2.0, 13.3) ** |
| Mother’s occupation(ref. = Employed) | |||
| Housewife | .7(.2, 2.9) | .5(0.1, 1.9) | 0.4(0.5,2.6) |
| Merchant | 0.4(0.1, 1.3) | 0.4(0.1, 1.1) | 1.9(0.7, 1.9) |
| Daily laborer | 1.1(.3, 3.1) | 0.6(0.2, 1.6) | 0.3(0.2,3.3) |
| Husband’s occupation(ref. = farmer) | |||
| Merchant | 0.7(0.3,1.5) | 0.8(0.4,1.7) | 0.2(0.1,3.7) |
| Employed | 0.8(0.3, 1.3) | 0.9(0.4, 1.9) | 1.5(0.5, 3.2) |
| Daily laborer | 0.3(0.1, 1.6) | 0.5(0.2,1.3) | 1.5(0.4,4.5) |
| The final decision on MCH(ref. = husband) | |||
| Woman | 1.0(.5, 1.9) | .5(0.3,1.8) | .5(0.2, 1.2) |
| Both | .6(.4, 1.9) | 1.0(.5, 1.9) | 1.4(0.6, 3.4) |
| Wealth quintile(ref = Lowest) | |||
| Second | 0.9(0.5, 1.6) | 1.1(0.6,2.0) | 1.8(0.8, 4.2) |
| Middle | 1.1(0.6, 1.9) | 1.1(0.7, 2.3) | 1.6(0.7, 3.6) |
| Fourth | 1.1(0.6,2.1) | 1.3(0.7,2.3) | 1.4(0.6, 3.2) |
| Highest | 1.2(0.6, 2.3) | 1.1(0.6,2.1) | 2.8(1.2, 6.6)* |
| Parity (ref. = grand multipara) | |||
| Primipara | 3.5(1.8, 6.6)** | 4.5(2.3, 9.0)** | 3.6(1.4, 9.4)** |
| Multipara | 2.8(1.5, 5.1)** | 2.4(1.3,4.7)** | 2.4(0.9, 6.3) |
| Pregnancy status(ref. = Unwanted | |||
| Wanted | 3.2(2.0, 5.2)** | 2.0(1.2, 3.3)* | 1.3(0.6, 2.6) |
| Timing of first ANC(ref. = At or more than 16 weeks) | |||
| Less than 16 weeks | 3.5(2.2, 5.6)** | 4.6(2.9, 7.2)** | 2.7(1.6, 4.6)** |
| Complications encountered during the last pregnancy(ref. = No) | |||
| Yes | 1.2, (.6, 2.3) | 2.0(1.1, 3.7)* | 0.9(0.5, 1.8) |
| Knowledge of danger signs of postpartum(ref. = Not Knowledgeable) | |||
| Knowledgeable | __ | __ | 1.9(1.1,3.3)* |
| BPCR(ref. = not prepared) | |||
| Prepared | __ | 1.3(0.8, 2.0) | 0.8(0.5, 1.3) |
| Community-level factors | |||
| Residence (ref = Rural) | |||
| Urban | 2.0(1.3, 3.2)** | 3.0(1.8, 4.7)** | 1.8(1.1, 3.0)* |
| Distance from health facilities(ref.≥ 30 minutes) | |||
| <30 minutes | 5.3(3.3, 8.5)** | 3.4(2.1,5.7)** | 2.3(1.2, 4.7)* |
| Random effects | |||
| Variance(τ20) | .9(.37,2.16) | 0.77(0.31,1.93) | 1.03(0.35,3.0) |
| Rho-ICC | 0.215 | 0.184 | 0.24 |
| -2LL | 4141.9 | 4198.5 | 4596.0 |
***p<0.01,
**p < 0.05,
ICC: Intra correlation Coefficient;-2LL: -Log likelihood