Table 2. Estimated binary logistic regression model results and marginal effects related to factors affecting women’s exposure to verbal and psychological violence.

Variables		OR	Std. Error	95% CI		Elasticity (%)	Std. Error	VIF
				Lower	Upper
Survey year (reference: 2008)
	2014	1.150a	0.054	1.049	1.260	7.98a	0.027	1.05
Region (reference: West)
	South	0.982	0.072	0.851	1.133	-1.08	0.042	1.20
	Middle	1.109 c	0.067	0.986	1.248	5.92c	0.034	1.43
	South	0.890	0.064	0.772	1.025	-6.89	0.043	1.30
	East	1.076	0.069	0.949	1.221	4.22	0.037	1.70
Place of residence (reference: rural)
	Urban	0.987	0.050	0.894	1.089	-0.78	0.029	1.13
Age (reference: 55+)
	15–24	1.040	0.129	0.816	1.325	2.30	0.073	3.63
	25–34	1.212 c	0.120	0.999	1.472	11.13c	0.058	4.29
	35–44	1.105	0.106	0.915	1.334	5.85	0.057	3.71
	45–54	1.100	0.105	0.912	1.328	5.60	0.057	3.04
Educational level (reference: illiterate)
	Elementary school	1.152 c	0.087	0.994	1.335	8.36c	0.045	2.51
	Secondary school	1.180	0.126	0.956	1.455	9.72	0.063	1.84
	High school	1.314 a	0.135	1.074	1.608	15.84a	0.057	2.56
	University	1.354 b	0.172	1.055	1.738	17.50b	0.073	2.69
Individual earning/income (reference: no)
	Yes	0.970	0.058	0.863	1.090	-1.78	0.035	1.19
Health insurance status (reference: no)
	Yes	0.873 b	0.059	0.765	0.997	-7.69b	0.038	1.06
Marital status (reference: two and more)
	Never married	0.624 b	0.117	0.433	0.901	-24.77b	0.098	3.84
	Once	0.576 a	0.080	0.438	0.757	-29.37a	0.068	2.80
Health status (reference: excellent/good)
	Reasonable	1.292 a	0.065	1.170	1.426	14.86a	0.029	1.25
	Bad/very bad	1.505 a	0.120	1.288	1.759	23.22a	0.044	1.37
Number of children (reference: has no child)
	One child	1.169	0.121	0.954	1.433	9.34	0.062	2.82
	Two and more	1.314 a	0.128	1.085	1.590	16.04a	0.059	3.78
Exposure to violence by first-degree relatives (reference: no)
	Yes	1.788 a	0.138	1.536	2.080	31.22a	0.039	1.04
Husband or partner’s educational level (reference: elementary school)
	Illiterate	0.924	0.117	0.720	1.185	-4.70	0.076	1.16
	Secondary school	1.196 b	0.086	1.038	1.378	10.20b	0.041	1.23
	High school	1.176 b	0.077	1.035	1.336	9.28b	0.037	1.50
	University	0.961	0.086	0.806	1.146	-2.34	0.053	1.92
Husband or partner’s employment status (reference: no)
	Yes	0.984	0.061	0.872	1.111	-0.92	0.036	1.14
Husband or partner’s alcohol use status (reference: no)
	Yes	1.447 a	0.085	1.290	1.625	20.65a	0.032	1.16
Husband or partner’s gambling status (reference: no)
	Yes	1.583 a	0.273	1.129	2.220	24.71a	0.086	1.07
Husband or partner’s drug use status (reference: no)
	Yes	1.733	0.798	0.703	4.272	29.11	0.222	1.03
Husband or partner’s cheating status (reference: no)
	Yes	2.329 a	0.217	1.941	2.795	43.29a	0.042	1.13
Status of exposure to husband or partner’s economic violence (reference: no)
	Yes	1.870 a	0.101	1.683	2.078	34.42a	0.028	1.15
Status of exposure to husband or partner’s physical violence (reference: no)
	Yes	1.902a	0.050	1.803	2.001	97.20a	0.024	1.34
Status of exposure to husband or partner’s sexual violence (reference: no)
	Yes	1.369a	0.087	1.198	1.539	64.88a	0.032	1.26
Constant		-1.659	0.205	-2.061	-1.257

^ap < .01;

^bp < .05;

^cp < .10; VIF: Variance Inflation Factor