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. 2022 Sep 26;9:997636. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.997636

Table 3.

HRs (95% CIs) of diabetes risk according to dairy consumption.

No consumption 0.1–100g/day P >100g/day P
All participants
Case/n 327/12,386 44/2,179 19/947
Model 1 1.00 (Reference) 0.76 [0.56, 1.05] 0.095 1.52 [0.96, 2.43] 0.076
Model 2 1.00 (Reference) 0.53 [0.38, 0.74] <0.001 0.96 [0.57, 1.57] 0.865
Model 3 1.00 (Reference) 0.62 [0.44, 0.88] 0.008 1.516 [0.88, 2.61] 0.132
Male
Case/n 164/6,008 22/976 8/392
Model 1 1.00 (Reference) 0.82 [0.52, 1.28] 0.376 1.47 [0.72, 3.01] 0.289
Model 2 1.00 (Reference) 0.50 [0.31, 0.80] 0.004 0.82 [0.39, 1.75] 0.610
Model 3 1.00 (Reference) 0.61 [0.37, 0.98] 0.044 1.32 [0.60, 2.93] 0.488
Female
Case/n 163/6,378 22/1,203 11/555
Model 1 1.00 (Reference) 0.72 [0.46, 1.12] 0.149 1.58 [0.85, 2.93] 0.146
Model 2 1.00 (Reference) 0.55 [0.34, 0.89] 0.146 1.10 [0.55, 2.18] 0.791
Model 3 1.00 (Reference) 0.66 [0.11, 1.09] 0.109 1.57 [0.74, 3.37] 0.290

Model 1 had no adjustment for confounders; Model 2 adjusted for age, gender, education level, living area, income, smoking status, BMI, disease history, and physical activity; Model 3 was based on Model 2 and further adjusted for intake of vegetables, fruit, meat, alcohol, carbohydrate, and energy.