Table 3. Biological age obtained from the deep neural network predictor was regressed as a function of chronological age and additional features to estimate their effect on the pace of aging.
Type | Variable | Coefficient | Standard deviation (σ) |
Demographic | Chronological age, years | 0.49 | 0.00 |
Is male | 0.42 | 0.02 | |
Social | Is married | −0.59 | 0.04 |
Is widowed | 0.27 | 0.09 | |
Is rural | 0.39 | 0.01 | |
Psychological | Rarely bothered by things | 0.09 | 0.03 |
Rarely lacks focus | −0.05 | 0.02 | |
Rarely depressed | −0.09 | 0.02 | |
Rarely hopeful | 0.28 | 0.01 | |
Rarely fearful | −0.29 | 0.02 | |
Restless sleep is rare | −0.44 | 0.01 | |
Rarely feels happy | 0.35 | 0.02 | |
Rarely feels lonely | 0.05 | 0.03 | |
Smoking | Currently smoking | 1.25 | 0.02 |
Intercept | 28.37 | 0.02 | |
Metrics | |||
MAPE (CV), % | 7.57 | ||
MAPE (Test), % | 6.37 | ||
MAE (CV), years | 4.18 | ||
MAE (Test), years | 4.09 | ||
N (CV), people | 4846 | ||
N (Test), people | 4451 |
All variables, except for chronological age, are binary. All coefficients, except for “Is widowed”, are significant within 3σ, as estimated with ten random cross-validation splits. Abbreviations: CV: cross-validation; MAE: mean absolute error; MAPE: mean absolute percentage error.