Table I.

Reported cases of systemic lupus erythematosus after COVID-19 vaccination

Authors	Age of patient	Sex of patient	PMH of patient	Vaccine received	Timeline of symptom onset	Symptoms and clinical findings	Affected organs	Laboratory findings	Treatment	Outcome
Lemoineet al1	68	Female	No history of autoimmune conditions	Pfizer (BNT162b2)	2 d after first dose	Bilateral proximal upper and lower extremity muscle weakness, stiffness, pain	Joints, skin	•ANA positive 1:640 •Anti-dsDNA positive 221 IU/mL •ESR 68 mm/h •CRP 149.3	Methotrexate 20 mg weekly, prednisone 5 mg daily	Improvement of symptoms
Molina Rios et al2	42	Female	None	Pfizer (BNT162b2)	2 wk after first dose	Inflammatory polyarthralgia of the hands and feet, bilateral synovitis of joints of the upper extremities, bilateral Achilles tendon enthesopathy, coagulopathy (anti phospholipid syndrome)	Joints	•ANA positive 1:1280 •Anti-dsDNA positive 1:160 •CRP 91 mg/dL •ESR mm/h	Sulfasalazine 500 mg twice daily	Treated and discharged
Mousaet al5	22	Female	None	Pfizer (BNT162b2)	1 wk after first dose	Erythematous non-blanching maculopapular rash on extremities and ears, epigastric pain associated with nausea and vomiting	Skin, GI	•ANA positive 1:1200 •Anti-dsDNA positive 1:160 •ESR 65 mm/h	Methylprednisone 500 mg 3 d Oral prednisone starting at 40 mg and tapered over 4 wk 200 mg hydroxychloroquine daily 50 mg azathioprine daily	Symptoms (rash and abdominal pain/nausea) were resolved in 3 d
Patiland Patil 6	22	Female	Infective jaundice	AstraZeneca (AZD 1222; ChAdOx1-s)	2 wk after the first dose	Pain in right knee, bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy, mild hepatomegaly, pedal edema, petechiae, rash	Joints, skin	•ANA positive 1:320 •Anti-dsDNA positive •ESR 92 mm/h •CRP 2.8 mg/L	Prednisolone 50 mg daily Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg daily Mycophenolate mofetil 2 g daily Furosemide 20 mg daily Telmisartan 20 mg daily	Improvement in symptoms after 1 mo
Nune et al7	24	Male	None	Pfizer (BNT162b2)	2 wk after the second dose	Polyarthralgia, joint stiffness, fever, fatigue, synovitis in metacarpophalangeal joints	Joints	•ANA positive 1:2560 •Anti-dsDNA positive 379 IU/mL •CRP 54 mg/L	Prednisone 60 mg daily Methotrexate 15 mg weekly	Improvement of symptoms after 2 mo
Zavala-Miranda et al8	23	Female	None	AstraZeneca (AZD 1222; ChAdOx1-s)	1 wk after first dose	Anasarca, hair loss, pitting edema of lower extremities	Kidneys	•ANA positive 1:1280 •Anti-dsDNA positive 17.1 IU/mL •Kidney biopsy showed secondary membranous nephropathy with diffuse thickening of the basement glomerular membrane and mild mesangial expansion	High dose glucocorticoids Hydroxychloroquine Diuretics Mycophenolate mofetil	Improved symptoms after 3 wk
Kaur et al9	54	Male	Sjogren syndrome	Pfizer (BNT162b2)	2 wk after the second dose	Fatigue, weight loss, shortness of breath, burning and pain on bilateral feet, non-pruritic erythematous maculopapular palpable purpuric lesions on the dorsal and plantar surface of bilateral feet	Skin, systemic	•ANA positive 1:1280 •Anti-dsDNA positive >300 IU/mL •ESR 59 mmHg	Prednisone 60 mg daily Mycophenolate mofetil 1 g daily	Symptoms improved after initiation of treatment
Baez-Negron et al10	27	Female	Type 1 diabetes mellitus	Moderna (mRNA-1273 vaccine)	2 wk after the second dose	Symmetric polyarthralgia of the proximal interphalangeal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints, wrists, knees, and ankles	Joints	•ANA positive 1:160 •Anti-dsDNA positive 46 IU/mL •ESR 88 mm/hg	Prednisone 20 mg daily Mycophenolate mofetil 2 g daily	Polyarthritis symptoms subsided
Current case	18	Female	Autism	Pfizer (BNT162b2)	1 wk after the first dose	Erythematous, tender plaques on the frontal scalp, face, arms, legs, and chest	Skin	•ANA positive 1:2560 •Anti-Smith antibodies positive	Hydroxychloroquine Systemic steroids	Rash resolved with brown macules and atrophic plaques

ANA, Antinuclear antibody; Anti-dsDNA, anti-double stranded DNA; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; PMH, past medical history.