Table 2.

Findings of airways remodeling parameters in healthy, ACO, asthma, COPD-ES, COPD-CS, and NLFS at a glance

Morphometric Parameter	HC	ACO	Asthma	COPD-ES	COPD-CS	NLFS
Epithelial thickness	+	++	+	+	+++	+++
Epithelial cells	+	+	+	+	++	+++
Goblet cells	+	+++	++	+	+	+
RBM thickness	+	++	+	+	+++	++
RBM cells	+	++	+++	+	+	+
LP cellularity	+	++	+++	++	+	+
SM area	+	+	+++	+	++	+++

ACO, asthma COPD overlap; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CS, current smokers; ES, exsmokers; HC, healthy control; LP, lamina propria; NLFS, normal lung function smokers; RBM, reticular basement membrane; SM, smooth muscle. Each + represents the degree of presence of morphometric parameters with disease: “+” means less severe, “++” is moderately severe, and “+++” is very severe.