Table 2.
Early-life effects on pant-hoot rates from the reduced GLMM with negative binomial error structure and logit link function (N = 792)
| Predictors | Reference category | Estimate | ± SE | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | Z value | X2 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | −2.907 | 0.334 | −3.620 | −2.361 | −8.702 | – | – | |
| Test predictors | ||||||||
| Focal age | 0.421 | 0.231 | 0.002 | 0.829 | 1.821 | – | – | |
| Sex (Male) | Female | −0.378 | 0.225 | −0.825 | 0.082 | −1.681 | – | – |
| Orphan status (Yes) | No | −0.765 | 0.277 | −1.410 | −0.186 | −2.766 | 7.696 | 0.006 |
| Early-life maternal gregariousness | 0.300 | 0.123 | 0.028 | 0.566 | 2.448 | 6.016 | 0.014 | |
| Early-life maternal age | −0.020 | 0.111 | −0.313 | 0.227 | −0.184 | 0.071 | 0.790 | |
| Early-life maternal dominance rank | 0.076 | 0.151 | −0.212 | 0.403 | 0.505 | 0.258 | 0.612 | |
| Early-life maternal pant-hoot rate | −0.275 | 0.198 | −0.753 | 0.051 | −1.387 | 2.085 | 0.149 | |
| Early-life FAI | 0.036 | 0.170 | −0.345 | 0.359 | 0.213 | 0.046 | 0.830 | |
| Focal age∗Sex (Male) | Female | 0.804 | 0.251 | 0.338 | 1.239 | 3.208 | 9.831 | 0.001 |
| Control predictors | ||||||||
| Current FAI | 0.046 | 0.136 | −0.206 | 0.263 | 0.341 | 0.108 | 0.743 | |
| Current party size | 0.227 | 0.116 | −0.020 | 0.440 | 1.956 | 3.961 | 0.047 | |
| Current number of older siblings | −0.051 | 0.150 | −0.362 | 0.239 | −0.340 | 0.146 | 0.703 | |
Statistically significant effects (p ≤ 0.05) appear in bold and the coded level of factors in parenthesis. p values are derived from likelihood ratio tests based on chi-square (X2) values. X2 and p values are not indicated in the first three rows because of having a very limited interpretation. All continuous predictors are z-transformed to a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Degrees of freedom are 1 for all predictors.