Table 3.
Results from two level logistic regression model: Estimated adjusted odds ratios of no antenatal care visits or nonresponse among the women who delivered their last birth in last five years in India, 2015-16.
| Background variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individual/household level factors | |||
| Modules | |||
| District module® | ─ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| State module | ─ | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) |
| Multiple visits to the household | |||
| Single® | ─ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Multiple | ─ | 1 (0.93–1.09) | 1 (0.92–1.08) |
| Use of translator | |||
| No® | ─ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | ─ | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) | 1.29 (1.08–1.55)** |
| Number of eligible women in the household | |||
| Single® | ─ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Multiple | ─ | 1.07 (1–1.13)* | 0.93 (0.84–1.04) |
| Age group of women | |||
| 15-25® | ─ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–29 | ─ | 1.15 (1.08–1.23)*** | 1.15 (1.08–1.23)*** |
| 30–34 | ─ | 1.39 (1.28–1.5)*** | 1.38 (1.27–1.49)*** |
| 35–39 | ─ | 1.58 (1.43–1.75)*** | 1.58 (1.43–1.74)*** |
| 40–49 | ─ | 2.45 (2.14–2.81)*** | 2.46 (2.14–2.81)*** |
| Wealth quintile | |||
| Poorest ® | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Poorer | ─ | 0.73 (0.67–0.78)*** | 0.74 (0.68–0.8)*** |
| Middle | ─ | 0.51 (0.47–0.56)*** | 0.53 (0.49–0.59)*** |
| Richer | ─ | 0.37 (0.33–0.41)*** | 0.4 (0.35–0.45)*** |
| Richest | ─ | 0.25 (0.22–0.29)*** | 0.28 (0.25–0.33)*** |
| Level of education | |||
| No education ® | ─ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | ─ | 0.67 (0.62–0.73)*** | 0.69 (0.64–0.75)*** |
| Secondary | ─ | 0.52 (0.48–0.56)*** | 0.55 (0.51–0.59)*** |
| Higher | ─ | 0.36 (0.31–0.41)*** | 0.37 (0.32–0.42)*** |
| Access to mass media | |||
| No® | ─ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | ─ | 0.63 (0.59–0.68)*** | 0.7 (0.65–0.75)*** |
| Current work status | |||
| Not working ® | ─ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Working | ─ | 1 (0.91–1.1) | 1.02 (0.92–1.12) |
| Religion | |||
| Hindu® | ─ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Muslims | ─ | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 1.05 (0.94–1.16) |
| Others | ─ | 1.47 (1.29–1.67)*** | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) |
| Caste | |||
| General ® | ─ | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| SC | ─ | 1.14 (1.03–1.27)** | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) |
| ST | ─ | 1.26 (1.12–1.41)*** | 1.21 (1.07–1.36)** |
| OBC | ─ | 1.18 (1.08–1.28)*** | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) |
| Community level factors | |||
| Pressure of eligible women and state modulea | |||
| Low® | ─ | ─ | 1.00 |
| Medium | ─ | ─ | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) |
| High | ─ | ─ | 1.18 (1.02–1.36)* |
| Place of residence | |||
| Urban ® | ─ | ─ | 1.00 |
| Rural | ─ | ─ | 1.09 (0.97–1.21) |
| States | |||
| Jammu & Kashmir® | ─ | ─ | 1.00 |
| Andhra Pradesh | ─ | ─ | 0.11 (0.05, 0.28)*** |
| Arunachal Pradesh | ─ | ─ | 16.84 (12.06, 23.5)*** |
| Assam | ─ | ─ | 0.93 (0.69, 1.26) |
| Bihar | ─ | ─ | 9.35 (7.24, 12.07)*** |
| Chhattisgarh | ─ | ─ | 0.28 (0.18, 0.41)*** |
| Goa | ─ | ─ | 1.04 (0.51, 2.12) |
| Gujarat | ─ | ─ | 3.56 (2.71, 4.7)*** |
| Haryana | ─ | ─ | 3.79 (2.71, 5.3)*** |
| Himachal Pradesh | ─ | ─ | 2.36 (1.65, 3.39)*** |
| Jharkhand | ─ | ─ | 3.03 (2.29, 4.01)*** |
| Karnataka | ─ | ─ | 1.5 (1.08, 2.08)* |
| Kerala | ─ | ─ | 2.65 (1.77, 3.97)*** |
| Madhya Pradesh | ─ | ─ | 3.93 (3.05, 5.06)*** |
| Maharashtra | ─ | ─ | 1.27 (0.92, 1.75) |
| Manipur | ─ | ─ | 1.33 (0.9, 1.97) |
| Meghalaya | ─ | ─ | 1.93 (1.25, 2.96)*** |
| Mizoram | ─ | ─ | 1.71 (1.12, 2.61)* |
| Nagaland | ─ | ─ | 23.09 (15.94, 33.45)*** |
| Delhi | ─ | ─ | 3.15 (1.8, 5.53)*** |
| Odisha | ─ | ─ | 0.53 (0.38, 0.73)*** |
| Punjab | ─ | ─ | 0.55 (0.34, 0.91)* |
| Rajasthan | ─ | ─ | 1.84 (1.4, 2.43)*** |
| Sikkim | ─ | ─ | 1.5 (0.8, 2.8) |
| Tamil Nadu | ─ | ─ | 2.57 (1.9, 3.46)*** |
| Tripura | ─ | ─ | 1.47 (0.87, 2.5) |
| Uttar Pradesh | ─ | ─ | 3.56 (2.81, 4.52)*** |
| Uttarakhand | ─ | ─ | 5.74 (4.13, 7.96)*** |
| West Bengal | ─ | ─ | 1.32 (0.92, 1.89) |
| Telangana | ─ | ─ | 0.44 (0.23, 0.84)* |
| Constant |
0.08 (0.07–0.08)*** |
0.23 (0.2–0.26)*** |
0.06 (0.02–0.16)*** |
| Random effects variance | 3.39 (3.18–3.62)*** | 2.54 (2.37–2.72)*** | 1.8 (1.67–1.94)*** |
| ICC (in 100) | 50.8 (49.1–52.4)*** | 43.6 (41.9–45.3)*** | 35.4 (33.7–37.1)*** |
| Number of observations | 66,028 | 66,028 | 66,028 |
| Wald test X2 | ─ | 2957 | 4275 |
| LR test vs. logistic regression: Chi2 | 8674 | 5429 | 3540 |
| Log likelihood | −25,806 | −24,211 | −23,315 |
Note: Ref. stands for reference group of the independent variables.
***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.
a
Pressure of state module is the tertile of score generated by multiplying the proportion of the household which have eligible women in a PSU, average number of eligible women per household in the PSU and the proportion of women to whom state module is administered.