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. 2022 Oct 10;12:16977. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21013-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SEM images showing MC3T3 cell proliferation on the surface of control (A), CSMA (B), 40% CaP (C), 50% CaP (D) and 60% CAP (E) at 1-, 4- and 7-days post-incubation in culture media. Topographical changes can be observed as a function of surface remineralisation, this is particularly apparent at day 7 in D. A uniform layer of cells with clear morphology can also be seen at days 1 and 4 confirming spreading and integration of the cells throughout the surface of the polymer and CaP incorporated discs. Alamar blue metabolic activity of MC3T3 cells on polymer plus 40, 50 and 60% CaP composites, presented on left, shows 50% CaP disc and CSMA did not show any significant difference in the fluorescence intensity value compared to control. The lowest cell proliferation was observed in the 60% CaP disc with exhibiting significantly lower metabolic activity readings (p < 0.05) compared to the remaining discs, this was followed by 40%. The highest statistically significant formulations are presented with an asterisk on top of this graph.