Table 1.
Characteristics of Veterans Hospitalized for Heart Failure and Discharged to a Skilled Nursing Facility among Participants with Inpatient Antipsychotic Initiation, 2010–2015
| Characteristics |
Total (N = 1931) |
Antipsychotics D/C’d prior to discharge (n = 1516) |
Antipsychotics continued into SNFs (n = 415) |
Standardized mean difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 79.1 (9.6) | 79.0 (9.5) | 79.4 (9.8) | 0.04 |
| Female | 55 (2.9) | 41 (2.7) | 14 (3.4) | − 0.04 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.25 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1522 (78.8) | 1201 (79.2) | 321 (77.4) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 306 (15.9) | 231 (15.2) | 75 (18.1) | |
| Hispanic | 64 (3.3) | |||
| Other | 39 (2.0) | 26 (1.7) | 13 (3.1) | |
| Heart failure type | 0.10 | |||
| EF 0–40%, reduced | 432 (22.4) | 339 (22.4) | 93 (22.4) | |
| EF 40–50%, borderline | 223 (11.6) | 184 (12.1) | 39 (9.4) | |
| EF > 50%, preserved | 475 (24.6) | 370 (24.4) | 105 (25.3) | |
| EF missing | 801 (41.5) | 623 (41.1) | 178 (42.9) | |
| Conditions | ||||
| Comorbidity index, mean (SD)* | 4.0 (2.6) | 4.0 (2.7) | 3.7 (2.6) | − 0.14 |
| Dementia | 876 (45.4) | 624 (41.2) | 252 (60.7) | 0.40 |
| Delirium | 148 (7.7) | 103 (6.8) | 45 (10.8) | 0.14 |
| Chronic lung disease | 723 (37.4) | 592 (39.1) | 131 (31.6) | − 0.16 |
| Diabetes | 872 (45.2) | 702 (46.3) | 170 (41.0) | − 0.11 |
| Hypothyroidism | 220 (11.4) | 169 (11.2) | 51 (12.3) | 0.04 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 131 (6.8) | 109 (7.2) | 22 (5.3) | − 0.08 |
| Tumor history | 294 (15.2) | 238 (15.7) | 56 (13.5) | − 0.06 |
| Obesity | 288 (14.9) | 242 (16.1) | 44 (10.6) | − 0.16 |
| Weight loss | 165 (8.5) | 129 (8.5) | 36 (8.7) | 0.01 |
| Anemia | 588 (30.5) | 478 (31.5) | 110 (26.5) | − 0.11 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 143 (7.4) | 119 (7.9) | 24 (5.8) | − 0.08 |
| Substance use disorder | 48 (2.5) | 33 (2.2) | 15 (3.6) | 0.09 |
| Psychosis | 257 (13.3) | 180 (11.9) | 77 (18.6) | 0.19 |
| Depression | 383 (19.8) | 307 (20.3) | 76 (18.3) | − 0.05 |
| Healthcare utilization in previous year, $, mean (SD)† | 23,024 (31,611) | 24,024 (33,319) | 19,373 (24,061) | − 0.16 |
| Index hospitalization | ||||
| Admission LOS, days, mean (SD) | 15.8 (11.6) | 15.9 (11.6) | 15.3 (11.6) | − 0.05 |
| Type of admission | 0.21 | |||
| Medicine | 1654 (85.7) | 1298 (85.6) | 356 (85.8) | |
| Surgery | 245 (12.7) | 202 (13.3) | 43 (10.4) | |
| Psychiatry | 32 (1.7) | 16 (1.1) | 16 (3.8) | |
| ICU stay during admission | 475 (24.6) | 395 (26.1) | 80 (19.3) | − 0.16 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 286 (14.8) | 244 (16.1) | 42 (10.1) | − 0.18 |
| Palliative care | 364 (18.9) | 284 (18.7) | 80 (19.3) | 0.01 |
| SNF admission assessment | ||||
| Cognitive function‡ | 0.29 | |||
| Intact | 632 (32.9) | 519 (34.4) | 113 (27.4) | |
| Mild impairment | 588 (30.6) | 486 (32.2) | 102 (24.7) | |
| Moderate impairment | 592 (30.8) | 426 (28.3) | 166 (40.2) | |
| Severe impairment | 109 (5.7) | 77 (5.1) | 32 (7.8) | |
| ADL dependency score, mean (SD)§ | 16.8 (5.2) | 16.7 (5.2) | 17.1 (5.1) | 0.07 |
Characteristics reported as number (percent (%)) unless otherwise indicated. Some cells were left blank due to data use agreements that require the suppression of small cells (< 11 individuals)
D/C’d discontinued, SNF skilled nursing facility, SD standard deviation, EF ejection fraction, LOS length of stay, ICU intensive care unit, ADL activities of daily living
*Sum of the number of conditions listed in the set of comorbidity measures developed by Elixhauser et al.
†Sum of inpatient, outpatient (including emergency department), and pharmacy costs in the year prior to index hospitalization. Presents costs in terms of US dollars (not inflation adjusted)
‡Derived from the Minimum Data Set Cognitive Function Scale, where higher scores indicate greater impairment in cognition
§Derived from the Minimum Data Set 28-point scale of independence in activities of daily living, where higher scores indicate greater dependency in activities of daily living