Table 4.

Multivariate Linear Model Estimate of the Effect of Having a PCP on Costs Incurred by the VHA Plus Medicare, Fiscal Year 2018 (N = 1,730,948)

		95% confidence interval
Variable	Parameter estimate	Lower bound	Upper bound	p value|
Intercept	−800.43	−1,622.56	21.69	0.056
No PCP	3,708.55	3,532.73	3,884.37	<.0001
Age	93.31	82.06	104.55	<.0001
Age ≥ 35 and < 45	−12,383.00	−13,164.43	−11,601.57	<.0001
Age ≥ 45 and < 55	−10,657.00	−11,395.66	−9,918.34	<.0001
Age ≥ 55 and < 65	−10,168.00	−10,922.59	−9,413.41	<.0001
Age ≥ 65 and < 75	−11,192.00	−12,000.58	−10,383.42	<.0001
Age ≥ 75	−7,503.58	−8,431.70	−6,575.46	<.0001
Gender (female)	−3,072.27	−3,354.77	−2,789.77	<.0001
Marital status (married)	−2,685.77	−2,795.80	−2,575.75	<.0001
Racial status (White)	−12,971.00	−13,110.11	−12,831.89	<.0001
Racial status (Black)	−12,503.00	−12,718.19	−12,287.81	<.0001
Disability rating (%)	−9.01	−12.08	−5.95	<.0001
Disability rating 70%+	1,696.31	1,430.93	1,961.70	<.0001
No private health insurance	−770.99	−927.03	−614.96	<.0001
Drive time to closest VHA PCP (min)	−22.51	−25.39	−19.63	<.0001
CPM risk score	426.27	425.44	427.10	<.0001

Notes: The fixed effects of the 140 hospitals are not shown here. Age < 35 and racial status (other) were used as reference groups