Table 2.
Characteristics of patients with cognitive recovery vs. cognitive impairment.
| Cognitive recovery (n = 80) | No cognitive recovery (n = 503) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 64.33 ± 10.42 | 65.97 ± 10.23 | 0.217 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 56 (70.00) | 243 (48.31) | <0.001 |
| Level of education, n (%) | 0.001 | ||
| Low (years of education <12) | 32 (40.00) | 301 (59.84) | |
| High (years of education ≥12) | 48 (60.00) | 202 (40.16) | |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 24.26 ± 2.62 | 24.48 ± 3.26 | 0.736 |
| Stroke characteristics | |||
| NIHSS, mean (SD) | 1.65 ± 2.19 | 1.75 ± 2.53 | 0.922 |
| Location, n (%) | |||
| Cerebral cortex | 3 (3.75) | 55 (10.93) | 0.046 |
| Subcortex | 20 (25.00) | 130 (25.84) | 0.872 |
| Basal ganglia | 55 (68.75) | 333 (66.20) | 0.654 |
| Thalamus | 10 (12.50) | 29 (5.77) | 0.025 |
| Brain stem | 2 (2.50) | 48 (9.54) | 0.037 |
| Cerebellum | 4 (5.00) | 14 (2.78) | 0.287 |
| Laterality, n (%) | 0.346 | ||
| Left hemisphere | 22 (27.50) | 109 (21.67) | |
| Right hemisphere | 17 (21.25) | 103 (20.48) | |
| Bilateral hemispheres | 34 (42.5) | 262 (52.09) | |
| Lacunar infarction, n (%) | 45 (56.25) | 287 (57.06) | 0.892 |
| Hemorrhagic stroke, n (%) | 3 (3.75) | 24 (4.77) | 0.686 |
| Comorbidities and risk factors | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 61 (76.25) | 349 (69.38) | 0.212 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 21 (26.25) | 121 (24.06) | 0.671 |
| Heart disease, n (%) | 15 (18.75) | 85 (16.90) | 0.683 |
| Hyperlipidemias, n (%) | 21 (26.25) | 122 (24.25) | 0.7 |
| Previous TIA/stroke, n (%) | 14 (17.50) | 91 (18.09) | 0.898 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 27 (33.75) | 165 (32.80) | 0.867 |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | 26 (32.5) | 153 (30.42) | 0.708 |
| Cognition, emotion and ability of daily living | |||
| MoCA score at baseline, mean (SD) | 23.73 ± 2.20 | 21.61 ± 3.27 | <0.001 |
| ADL score at baseline, mean (SD) | 24.29 ± 9.13 | 26.28 ± 11.05 | 0.203 |
| HAMD score at baseline, mean (SD) | 3.96 ± 3.87 | 3.91 ± 3.68 | 0.993 |
| Other | |||
| Tea intake, n (%) | 31(38.75) | 179 (35.59) | 0.016 |
| Coffee intake, n (%) | 6 (7.50) | 13 (2.58) | 0.021 |
| Physical exercise, n (%) | 0.837 | ||
| No | 12 (15.00) | 87 (17.30) | |
| <1 h per day | 54 (67.50) | 337 (67.00) | |
| ≥1 h per day | 14 (17.50) | 79 (15.70) | |
| Mobile-phone use, n (%) | 63 (78.75) | 361 (71.77) | 0.193 |
| Reported time of SCC, n (%) | 0.013 | ||
| within 14 d | 22 (9.48) | 210 (90.52) | |
| 15–30 d | 6 (10) | 54 (90) | |
| 31–60 d | 13 (15.12) | 73 (84.88) | |
| 61–90 d | 10 (16.13) | 52 (83.87) | |
| 91–120 d | 5 (10.42) | 43 (89.58) | |
| 121–150 d | 9 (23.08) | 30 (76.92) | |
| 151–180 d | 15 (26.79) | 41 (73.21) | |
SCC, Subjective Cognitive Complaints; BMI, Body Mass Index; TIA, Transient Ischemic Attack; ADL, Activities of Daily Living Scale; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Scale; National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; MMSE, Mini–Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.