Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to lifestyle pattern groups*.
| Healthy lifestyle group | Poor diet and low physical activity group | Unhealthy lifestyle group | Couch potato group | Risk drinker group | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | 27,413 | 13,846 | 12,031 | 4726 | 3853 | 61,869 |
| Class size, % | 44.3 | 22.4 | 19.5 | 7.6 | 6.2 | 100 |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age, yrs | 48.8 ± 8.0 | 45.6 ± 7.2 | 47.5 ± 7.5 | 51.8 ± 8.1 | 50.5 ± 7.8 | 48.2 ± 7.9 |
| Sex - women, % | 63.0 | 61.8 | 57.1 | 56.9 | 38.9 | 59.6 |
| Education, % | ||||||
| Low | 23.9 | 26.3 | 40.9 | 42.3 | 19.3 | 28.8 |
| Middle | 38.2 | 43.8 | 41.0 | 37.0 | 33.6 | 39.6 |
| High | 37.8 | 29.6 | 17.9 | 20.2 | 46.8 | 31.3 |
| Clinical biomarkers | ||||||
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 4.91 ± 0.49 | 4.93 ± 0.49 | 5.00 ± 0.52 | 5.07 ± 0.52 | 5.05 ± 0.51 | 4.95 ± 0.50 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.53 ± 0.29 | 5.51 ± 0.30 | 5.58 ± 0.29 | 5.56 ± 0.30 | 5.52 ± 0.29 | 5.54 ± 0.30 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 36.96 ± 3.22 | 36.71 ± 3.23 | 37.50 ± 3.21 | 37.30 ± 3.30 | 36.84 ± 3.22 | 37.03 ± 3.24 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.8 ± 3.9 | 26.4 ± 4.4 | 26.5 ± 4.3 | 26.9 ± 3.9 | 25.8 ± 3.3 | 26.1 ± 4.1 |
| Family history of diabetes, % | 8.6 | 8.9 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 7.0 | 8.8 |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1944 ± 540 | 2158 ± 598 | 2150 ± 632 | 2109 ± 589 | 2218 ± 607 | 2062 ± 590 |
| Lifeline diet score | 27.8 ± 4.8 | 19.9 ± 3.9 | 19.9 ± 4.6 | 22.9 ± 4.9 | 25.9 ± 4.9 | 24.0 ± 5.9 |
| Lowest tertile, % | 4.5 | 56.2 | 57.3 | 29.8 | 9.5 | 28.6 |
| Middle tertile, % | 31.4 | 43.8 | 36.8 | 52.1 | 46.2 | 37.7 |
| Highest tertile, % | 64.2 | 0 | 5.9 | 18.1 | 44.3 | 33.7 |
| Risk drinking, % | 0 | 8.5 | 27.6 | 39.1 | 100 | 16.5 |
| Alcohol intake, g/day | 3.3 (0.9, 6.9) | 2.4 (0, 6.7) | 6.6 (1.5, 16.4) | 9.5 (2.6, 17.9) | 18.2 (17.3, 25.4) | 4.5 (0.9, 11.0) |
| Meeting physical recommendation (150 min/wk MVPA) | 73.9 | 44.4 | 22.7 | 94.4 | 79.1 | 59.2 |
| MVPA, min/wk | 250 (135, 420) | 120 (50, 280) | 60 (0, 130) | 305 (210, 495) | 270 (160, 450) | 180 (60, 360) |
| Excessive TV watching (highest tertile), % | 20.9 | 46.3 | 61.2 | 100 | 0 | 39.1 |
| TV watching time, hrs/day | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 1.4 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 1.3 |
| Smoking, % | ||||||
| Never | 46.2 | 100 | 0 | 9.6 | 21.9 | 44.9 |
| Former | 45.4 | 0 | 32.8 | 90.4 | 64.1 | 37.4 |
| Current | 8.4 | 0 | 67.2 | 0 | 14.0 | 17.7 |
*
Data are expressed as unadjusted mean ± standard deviation for age, fasting glucose, HbA1c, body mass index (BMI), total energy intake, Lifelines diet score (0–48 no unit), and TV watching time; data are expressed as median (interquartile) for alcohol intake and non-occupational moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level (MVPA); data are expressed as actual observed values for other variables.