TABLE 2.

Properties of metal complexes with different intermolecular interactions.

Complex	Factors	Substituent	Eonset (V)	WS conditions	TON	TOF (s−1)	FE (%)	ref
1	Hydrophobic effect	CH3	—	1.2 mM CAN	—	22	—	Liu et al. (2021)
		CO(OC2H4)2(OCH3)	—	1.2 mM CAN	—	81	—	Liu et al. (2021)
		COOC2H5	—	100 mM CAN	—	119		Richmond et al. (2014)
		CONHC2H5	—	1.2 mM CAN	—	118	—	Liu et al. (2021)
		CONHC4H9	—	1.2 mM CAN	—	146	—	Liu et al. (2021)
12	Hydrophobic effect	Me	—	5 mM CAN	2,024	0.17	—	Corbucci et al. (2015)
		n-Oct	—	5 mM CAN	1,885	1.87	—
13	Hydrophobic effect	C4H9	1.83 a	MeOH, CPE d	—	0.12	—	Chen et al. (2016)
		CH2(C2H5)(C4H9)	1.81 a	MeOH, CPE d	—	0.16	—
		C10H21	1.69 a	MeOH, CPE d	—	1.11	—
		C3H6C8F17	1.61 a	MeOH, CPE d	78,000	1.83	100
1	π - π stacking	CH3	1.25 a	0.51 M CAN	∼2,150	32	—	Duan et al. (2012b)
14		H	1.27 a	0.51 M CAN	∼8,450	303	—	Duan et al. (2012b)
14		OCH3	—	0.10 M CAN	—	923	—	Richmond et al. (2014)
2	halogen−aromatic interaction	H	—	0.365 M CAN	580	25	—	Duan et al. (2013)
		F	1.37 a	0.365 M CAN	—	53.8	—	Timmer et al. (2021)
		Cl	1.48 a	0.365 M CAN	3,182	62	93	Xie et al. (2018)
		Br	1.43 a	0.365 M CAN	4,942	101	90	Xie et al. (2018)
		I	1.36 a	0.365 M CAN	5,280	334	96	Xie et al. (2018)
15	electrostatic interaction	15a	—	0.6 M CAN	—	1.54	—	Yi et al. (2021)
		15b	—	0.6 M CAN	—	1.54	—
		15c	—	0.6 M CAN	—	12.4	—
		[15a]: [15b] = 1:1	—	0.6 M CAN	—	34.4	—
1	off-set interaction	Br	—	0.365 M CAN	4,500	115	—	Duan et al. (2013); Sato et al. (2015)
16		Br	—	0.365 M CAN	∼3,500	245	—	Timmer et al. (2021)
17		Br	—	0.365 M CAN	12,500	460	—	Timmer et al. (2021)
20	hydrogen bonding interaction	Br	−1.37 b	—	—	—	—	Bediako et al. (2014)
		COOH	−1.34 b	—	—	0.025	—
21	hydrogen bonding interaction	H	0.77 b	0.1 M PBS	—	—	—	Dogutan et al. (2011)
		F	0.87 b	0.1M PBS	—	0.81	100
22	hydrogen bonding interaction	Br	—	0.1M PBS	—	lowest	91	Sun et al. (2017)
		COOH	—	0.1M PBS	—	lower	95
		PO(OH)2	—	0.1M PBS	—	higher	95
		CH2PO(OH)2	1.27c	0.1M PBS	—	highest	96
23	hydrogen bonding interaction	H	—	0.1 M [TEA]+[TsO]−, CH3CN	—	—	67	Graham and Nocera, (2014)
				0.1 M [TEA]+[TsO]−, CH3CN
		SO3 −	—	0.1 M [TEA]+[TsO]−, CH3CN	—	—	65
		NMe2	—	0.1 M [TEA]+[TsO]−, CH3CN	—	—	65

^aPotential versus RHE.

^bPotential versus ferrocene.

^cPotential versus RHE.

^dCPE: controlled potential electrolysis.