Table 7.

Green sources, methods of preparation, and applications of CDs synthesized from different sources.

S. No	Source	Method of preparation	Application	Ref
1	Escherichia coli	hydrothermal synthesis process	imaging and detection of p-nitrophenol	[198]
2	tulsi leaves	one step hydrothermal process	Cr sensor, bioimaging and as a patterning agent	[152]
3	apple juice	one step hydrothermal process	bioimaging of mycobacterium and fungal cells	[178]
4	Cannabis sativa	one-step pyrolysis method	antibacterial activity	[199]
5	wheat straw	hydrothermal treatment	labeling, imaging, and sensing	[200]
6	Lycii fructus	one step hydrothermal process	detection of phoxim in environmental and fruit samples	[201]
7	cow milk	hydrothermal treatment	antibacterial activity	[28]
8	coriander leaves	one-step hydrothermal treatment	antioxidants, biosensors and bioimaging	[26]
9	tamarind and calf thymus DNA	–	antimicrobial potential, cytotoxicity, and DNA binding	[202]
10	rapeseed pollen	one-step hydrothermal treatment	bioimaging and plant growth promotion	[196]
11	natural honey	hydrothermal treatment	photonic and antibacterial activity	[101]
12	Chionanthus retusus	hydrothermal-carbonization method	metal ion sensing and biological activities	[94]
13	mushroom	hydrothermal-carbonization method	metal ion detection, antibacterial and anticancer activities	[157]
14	nitrogenase extracted from Azotobacter	–	improvements in nitrogen fixation ability of Azotobacter chroococcum	[203]
15	Actinidia deliciosa	one-step hydrothermal treatment	catalytic activity and cytotoxicity applications	[204]
16	chicken egg whites	one-step heating reaction	sensing of bacteria and curcumin	[169]