Table 1. Characteristics by levels of urbanization (N = 10,432).

Variables	Urbanization level
	Urban (n = 2,624)		Suburban (n = 3,693)		Rural (n = 4,115)		χ2	P value
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Sex
Men	1,244	47.4	1,755	47.5	1,975	48.0	0.28	0.870
Women	1,380	52.6	1,938	52.5	2,140	52.0
Age, years
65–69	504	19.2	649	17.6	700	17.0	71.17	<0.001
70–74	712	27.1	1,086	29.4	1,146	27.9
75–79	561	21.4	863	23.4	1,050	25.5
80–84	428	16.3	625	16.9	796	19.3
≥85	419	16.0	470	12.7	423	10.3
Mean (SD)	76.5 (7.3)		76.2 (6.8)		76.1 (6.3)
Education, years
0	470	17.9	1,130	30.6	1,752	42.6	968.37	<0.001
≤6	1,132	43.1	1,620	43.9	1,967	47.8
7–12	680	25.9	662	17.9	319	7.8
>12	342	13.1	281	7.6	77	1.9
Lifestyle habits
Smoking	524	19.9	734	19.9	746	18.1	5.13	0.077
Drinking	334	12.7	484	13.1	443	10.8	11.39	0.003
Regular exercise	1,258	47.9	1,517	41.1	1,345	32.7	162.08	<0.001
Social activity	1,136	43.3	1,118	30.3	1,142	27.8	189.78	<0.001
Comorbidities
Hypertension	1,409	53.7	1,908	51.7	2,021	49.1	14.04	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus	580	22.1	804	21.8	864	21.0	1.33	0.515
Stroke	208	7.9	227	6.2	259	6.3	9.23	<0.001
Head injury	171	6.5	136	3.7	100	2.4	72.10	<0.001
Cancer	152	5.8	176	4.8	157	3.8	14.31	<0.001

SD, standard deviation.