Table 4.
Correlations with In Vivo 1H-MRS-Visible Frontal, Occipital, and Parietal Cortex Metabolites Reported in PTSD.
| Metabolite | Region | Group | Variable | Correlation | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frontal cortex (non-ACC) | |||||
| GSH/Cr | Left dorsolateral PFC | PTSD | PTSD duration | ↑ | 61 |
| Frontal cortex (ACC) | |||||
| NAA | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | CAPS symptom re-experience score | ↓ | 75 |
| NAA | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | CAPS arousal score | ↓ | 76 |
| NAA | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | CAPS arousal score | ↓ | 77 |
| NAA | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | Time since trauma | ↓ | 74 |
| Cr | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | CAPS arousal score | ↓ | 76 |
| Cr | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | CAPS arousal score | ↓ | 77 |
| mIns | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | CAPS intrusion score | ↓ | 76 |
| mIns | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | CAPS intrusion score | ↓ | 77 |
| Glu | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | CAPS arousal score | ↓ | 76 |
| Glu | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | CAPS arousal score | ↓ | 77 |
| Glu | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | CAPS total score | ↓ | 77 |
| Glu | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | Anterior cingulate cortex Cr | ↑ | 76 |
| Glu | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | Anterior cingulate cortex NAA | ↑ | 76 |
| GABA | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | Insomnia Severity Index | ↓a | 76 |
| GABA | Anterior cingulate cortex | PTSD | Composite CAPS sleep measure | ↓ | 69 |
| Occipital cortex | |||||
| Cr | Parieto-occipital cortex | PTSD | CAPS intrusion score | ↓ | 77 |
| Cho | Parieto-occipital cortex | PTSD | Insomnia Severity Index | ↑ | 77 |
| Cho | Parieto-occipital cortex | PTSD | Insomnia Severity Index | ↑ | 76 |
| Cho | Parieto-occipital cortex | PTSD + TEC | Insomnia Severity Index | ↑ | 76 |
| mIns | Parieto-occipital cortex | PTSD | CAPS intrusion score | ↓ | 76 |
| mIns | Parieto-occipital cortex | PTSD | CAPS intrusion score | ↓ | 77 |
| Glu | Parieto-occipital cortex | PTSD | Insomnia Severity Index | ↑ | 76 |
| Glu | Parieto-occipital cortex | PTSD | Insomnia Severity Index | ↑ | 77 |
| Glu | Parieto-occipital cortex | PTSD | Parieto-occipital cortex Cr | ↑ | 76 |
| Glu | Parieto-occipital cortex | PTSD | Parieto-occipital cortex NAA | ↑ | 76 |
| GABA | Parieto-occipital cortex | PTSD | Insomnia Severity Index | ↓ | 76 |
| GABA | Parieto-occipital cortex | PTSD | Insomnia Severity Index | ↓ | 77 |
| GABA | Parieto-occipital cortex | PTSD + TEC | Beck Depression Inventory score | ↓ | 76 |
| GABA | Parieto-occipital cortex | PTSD | Parieto-occipital cortex glutamate | ↓ | 76 |
| Parietal cortex | |||||
| IMI-1 | Posterior cingulate gyrus | PTSD | CAPS-E hyperarousal score | ↑ | 79 |
| IMI-1 | Posterior cingulate gyrus | PTSD | CAPS-E reactivity score | ↑ | 79 |
a
Reported as marginally significant trend.
1H MRS: proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy; PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder; ACC: anterior cingulate cortex; TEC: trauma-exposed control; NAA: N-acetyl aspartate; Cr: creatine; Cho: choline; mIns: myoinositol; Glu: glutamate; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; CAPS: clinician-administered PTSD scale; IMI-1: imidazole from histamine, histidine, and homocarnosine.