Table 6.
Controlled In Vivo Proton 1H-MRS Findings for PTSD in Insular, Hippocampal, and Amygdalar Metabolites.
| Metabolite | Region | Control | PTSD - control | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insula | ||||
| NAA/Cr | Right insula | HC | -- | 54 |
| NAA/Cr | Right insula | TEC | -- | 54 |
| NAA/Cr | Right insula | TEC | -- | 62 |
| NAA | Right insula | HC | -- | 54 |
| NAA | Right insula | TEC | -- | 54 |
| Cr | Right insula | HC | -- | 54 |
| Cr | Right insula | TEC | -- | 54 |
| GABA/Cr | Right insula | HC | ↓ | 62 |
| NAA/Cr | Left insula | HC | -- | 54 |
| NAA/Cr | Left insula | TEC | -- | 54 |
| NAA | Left insula | HC | -- | 54 |
| NAA | Left insula | TEC | -- | 54 |
| Cr | Left insula | HC | -- | 54 |
| Cr | Left insula | TEC | -- | 54 |
| Temporal lobe | ||||
| NAA/Cr | Right medial temporal lobe | VC | ↓ | 80 |
| NAA/Cr | Right medial temporal lobe | VC | -- | 64 |
| NAA/Cr | Right medial temporal lobe | TEC | -- | 65 |
| NAA | Right temporal cortex | TEC | -- | 77 |
| NAA | Right temporal cortex | TEC | -- | 76 |
| NAA | Right temporal cortex | PTSD + AUD | ↑ | 77 |
| Cr | Right temporal cortex | TEC | -- | 77 |
| Cr | Right temporal cortex | TEC | -- | 76 |
| Cr | Right temporal cortex | PTSD + AUD | -- | 77 |
| Cho/Cr | Right medial temporal lobe | VC | -- | 80 |
| Cho/Cr | Right medial temporal lobe | TEC | -- | 65 |
| Cho | Right temporal cortex | TEC | -- | 77 |
| Cho | Right temporal cortex | TEC | -- | 76 |
| Cho | Right temporal cortex | PTSD + AUD | ↑ | 77 |
| mIns/Cr | Right medial temporal lobe | TEC | -- | 65 |
| mIns | Right temporal cortex | TEC | -- | 77 |
| mIns | Right temporal cortex | TEC | -- | 76 |
| mIns | Right temporal cortex | PTSD + AUD | ↑a | 77 |
| Glu | Right temporal cortex | TEC | ↑ | 77 |
| Glu | Right temporal cortex | TEC | ↑ | 76 |
| Glu | Right temporal cortex | PTSD + AUD | ↑ | 77 |
| GABA | Right temporal cortex | TEC | ↓ | 76 |
| GABA | Right temporal cortex | TEC | -- | 77 |
| GABA | Right temporal cortex | PTSD + AUD | -- | 77 |
| NAA/Cr | Left medial temporal lobe | TEC | ↓a | 65 |
| NAA/Cr | Left medial temporal lobe | VC | -- | 80 |
| NAA/Cr | Left medial temporal lobe | VC | -- | 64 |
| Cho/Cr | Left medial temporal lobe | VC | ↓ | 80 |
| Cho/Cr | Left medial temporal lobe | TEC | -- | 65 |
| mIns/Cr | Left medial temporal lobe | TEC | -- | 65 |
| Hippocampus | ||||
| NAA/Cr | Right hippocampus | HC | ↓ | 58 |
| NAA/Cr | Right hippocampus | HC | ↓ | 60 |
| NAA/Cr | Right hippocampus | HC | ↓ | 81 |
| NAA/Cr | Right hippocampus | TEC + AUD + VCb | ↓ | 71 |
| NAA/Cr | Right hippocampus | TEC | ↓ | 82 |
| NAA/Cr | Right hippocampus | HC | -- | 54 |
| NAA/Cr | Right hippocampus | VC | -- | 66 |
| NAA/Cr | Right hippocampus | VC + HC | -- | 67 |
| NAA/Cr | Right hippocampus | TEC | -- | 54 |
| NAA/Cr | Right hippocampus | TEC | -- | 66 |
| NAA/Cr | Right hippocampus | TEC | -- | 83 |
| NAA | Right hippocampus | HC | ↓ | 84 |
| NAA | Right hippocampus | HC | ↓ | 75 |
| NAA | Right hippocampus | VC | ↓ | 85 |
| NAA | Right hippocampus | TEC | ↓ | 82 |
| NAA | Right hippocampus | HC | -- | 78 |
| NAA | Right hippocampus | HC | -- | 54 |
| NAA | Right hippocampus | TEC + AUD + VCb | -- | 71 |
| NAA | Right hippocampus | TEC | -- | 54 |
| NAA/Cho | Right hippocampus | TEC | -- | 83 |
| Cr | Right hippocampus | HC | ↓ | 84 |
| Cr | Right hippocampus | HC | -- | 54 |
| Cr | Right hippocampus | HC | -- | 75 |
| Cr | Right hippocampus | HC | -- | 78 |
| Cr | Right hippocampus | TEC | -- | 54 |
| Cho/Cr | Right hippocampus | HC | ↑ | 60 |
| Cho/Cr | Right hippocampus | HC | -- | 58 |
| Cho/Cr | Right hippocampus | HC | -- | 81 |
| Cho/Cr | Right hippocampus | VC | -- | 66 |
| Cho/Cr | Right hippocampus | TEC | -- | 66 |
| Cho | Right hippocampus | HC | -- | 75 |
| Cho | Right hippocampus | HC | -- | 84 |
| Cho | Right hippocampus | HC | -- | 78 |
| mIns | Right hippocampus | HC | -- | 75 |
| Glu/Cr | Right hippocampus | TEC | ↑ | 82 |
| Glu/NAA | Right hippocampus | TEC | ↑ | 82 |
| Glu | Right hippocampus | TEC | ↑ | 82 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | HC | ↓ | 58 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | HC | ↓ | 60 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | HC | ↓ | 81 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | TEC + AUD + VCb | ↓ | 71 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | VC + HC | ↓ | 67 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | TEC | ↓ | 83 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | HC | -- | 54 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | VC | -- | 66 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | TEC | -- | 54 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | TEC | -- | 66 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | TEC | -- | 82 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | HC | ↓a | 78 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | HC | ↓ | 84 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | HC | ↓ | 75 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | VC | ↓ | 85 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | TEC | ↓ | 82 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | HC | -- | 54 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | TEC + AUD + VCb | -- | 71 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | TEC | -- | 54 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | TEC | -- | 63 |
| NAA/Cho | Left hippocampus | TEC | -- | 83 |
| Cr | Left hippocampus | HC | ↓a | 78 |
| Cr | Left hippocampus | HC | -- | 54 |
| Cr | Left hippocampus | HC | -- | 75 |
| Cr | Left hippocampus | HC | -- | 84 |
| Cr | Left hippocampus | TEC | -- | 54 |
| Cho/Cr | Left hippocampus | HC | ↑ | 60 |
| Cho/Cr | Left hippocampus | HC | -- | 58 |
| Cho/Cr | Left hippocampus | HC | -- | 81 |
| Cho/Cr | Left hippocampus | VC | -- | 66 |
| Cho/Cr | Left hippocampus | TEC | -- | 66 |
| Cho | Left hippocampus | HC | -- | 78 |
| Cho | Left hippocampus | HC | -- | 84 |
| Cho | Left hippocampus | HC | -- | 75 |
| mIns | Left hippocampus | HC | -- | 75 |
| Glx | Left hippocampus | TEC | -- | 63 |
| Glu/Cr | Left hippocampus | TEC | -- | 82 |
| Glu/NAA | Left hippocampus | TEC | -- | 82 |
| Glu | Left hippocampus | TEC | -- | 82 |
| Glu | Left hippocampus | TEC | -- | 63 |
| Amygdala | ||||
| NAA | Right amygdala | TEC | ↑ | 86 |
| NAA | Right amygdala | TEC | -- | 74 |
| Cr | Right amygdala | TEC | ↑ | 86 |
| Cr | Right amygdala | TEC | -- | 74 |
| Cho | Right amygdala | TEC | ↑ | 86 |
| Cho | Right amygdala | TEC | -- | 74 |
| mIns | Right amygdala | TEC | ↑ | 74 |
| mIns | Right amygdala | TEC | ↑ | 86 |
| Glx | Right amygdala | TEC | -- | 74 |
| NAA | Left amygdala | TEC | -- | 74 |
| NAA | Left amygdala | TEC | -- | 86 |
| Cr | Left amygdala | TEC | ↑ | 74 |
| Cr | Left amygdala | TEC | -- | 86 |
| Cr | Left amygdala | BPD | -- | 59 |
| Cho | Left amygdala | TEC | -- | 86 |
| Cho | Left amygdala | TEC | -- | 74 |
| mIns | Left amygdala | TEC | -- | 74 |
| mIns | Left amygdala | TEC | -- | 86 |
| Glx | Left amygdala | TEC | -- | 74 |
a
Reported as marginally significant trend.
b
PTSD group also involved AUD + participants.
1H MRS: proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy; PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder; HC: trauma-unmatched control; TEC: trauma-exposed control; VC: veteran control; AUD: alcohol use disorder: NAA: N-acetyl aspartate; Cr: creatine; Cho: choline; mIns: myoinositol; Glx: glutamate + glutamine; Glu: glutamate; Gln: glutamine; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; BPD: borderline personality disorder.