Table 7.
Correlations with In Vivo 1H-MRS-Visible Insular, Hippocampal, and Amygdalar Metabolites Reported in PTSD.
| Metabolite | Region | Group | Variable | Correlation | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insula | |||||
| GABA/Cr | Right insula | PTSD + HC | Log-transformed trait anxiety | ↓ | 62 |
| GABA/Cr | Right insula | PTSD + HC | Log-transformed state anxiety | ↓ | 62 |
| Temporal lobe | |||||
| NAA/Cr | Right medial temporal lobe | PTSD | CAPS symptom re-experience score | ↑ | 65 |
| Cho | Right temporal cortex | PTSD | CAPS total score | ↓ | 77 |
| Cho | Right temporal cortex | PTSD | CAPS arousal score | ↓ | 77 |
| Cho | Right temporal cortex | PTSD | Insomnia Severity Index | ↑ | 77 |
| mIns | Right temporal cortex | PTSD | CAPS intrusion score | ↓ | 76 |
| mIns | Right temporal cortex | PTSD | CAPS total score | ↓ | 76 |
| mIns | Right temporal cortex | PTSD | CAPS arousal score | ↓ | 76 |
| Glu | Right temporal cortex | PTSD | Right temporal cortex Cr | ↑ | 76 |
| Glu | Right temporal cortex | PTSD | Right temporal cortex NAA | ↑ | 76 |
| NAA/Cr | Left medial temporal lobe | PTSD | CAPS symptom re-experience score | ↑ | 65 |
| Hippocampus | |||||
| NAA/Cr | Right hippocampus | PTSD | Serum cortisol | ↓ | 81 |
| NAA/Cr | Right hippocampus | PTSD | CAPS symptom re-experience score | ↓ | 82 |
| NAA | Right hippocampus | PTSD | CAPS symptom re-experience score | ↓ | 75 |
| NAA | Right hippocampus | PTSD | CAPS symptom re-experience score | ↓a | 82 |
| NAA | Right hippocampus | PTSD + VC | CAPS total score | ↓ | 85 |
| NAA | Right hippocampus | PTSD + VC | Right entorhinal cortex volume | ↑a | 85 |
| Cho/Cr | Right hippocampus | PTSD | CAPS total score | ↑ | 81 |
| Cho/Cr | Right hippocampus | PTSD | CAPS-B symptom re-experience score | ↑ | 81 |
| Glu | Right hippocampus | PTSD | CAPS symptom re-experience score | ↑ | 82 |
| Glu/NAA | Right hippocampus | PTSD | CAPS symptom re-experience score | ↑ | 82 |
| Glu/NAA | Right hippocampus | PTSD | Trauma load | ↑ | 82 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | PTSD | CAPS total score | ↓ | 81 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | PTSD | CAPS-B symptom re-experience score | ↓ | 81 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | PTSD | CAPS-C score | ↓ | 81 |
| NAA/Cr | Left hippocampus | PTSD | CAPS-D hyperarousal symptoms | ↓ | 81 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | PTSD | CAPS symptom re-experience score | ↓ | 75 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | PTSD | CAPS symptom re-experience score | ↓ | 82 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | PTSD + VC | CAPS total score | ↓ | 85 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | PTSD + VC | Left entorhinal cortex volume | ↑ | 85 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | PTSD + VC | Pre-dexamethasone cortisol | ↑ | 85 |
| NAA | Left hippocampus | PTSD + VC | Post-dexamethasone cortisol | ↑ | 85 |
| Cho/Cr | Left hippocampus | PTSD | CAPS-C score | ↓ | 81 |
| Amygdala | |||||
| mIns | Right amygdala | Pediatric PTSD | Duration since trauma | ↑ | 86 |
| NAA | Left amygdala | Pediatric PTSD | Age | ↑a | 86 |
a
Reported as marginally significant trend.
1H MRS: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy; PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder; HC: trauma-unmatched control; VC: veteran control; TEC: trauma-exposed control; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; NAA: N-acetyl aspartate; Cr: creatine; Cho: choline; mIns: myoinositol; Glu: glutamate; CAPS: clinician-administered PTSD scale.