Table 1. Study characteristics.
| Primary author | Year | Country | Institution(s) | Study period | Type of study | Robotic (n) | Sternotomy (n) | Follow-up time (months), mean ± SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemtob | 2020 | USA | Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio | 2014–2019 | NR | 605 | 395 | NR |
| Coyan | 2018 | USA | University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virgina | 2013–2015 | Retrospective PSM multicenter-center | 91 | 91 | 12 |
| Folliguet | 2006 | France | Institute Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris | 2000–2005 | Retrospective matched single-center | 25 | 25 | 24 |
| Hawkins | 2018 | USA | The Virginia Cardiac Services Quality Initiative (VCSQI) Database | 2011–2016 | Retrospective multi-center* | 372 | 1,352 | NR |
| Kam | 2010 | Australia | Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia | 2005–2008 | Retrospective single-center | 107 | 40 | NR |
| Kesävuori | 2018 | Finland | University Central Hospital, Helsinki | 2011–2015 | Retrospective PSM single-center | 142 | 142 | 35±17 robotic, 64±35 sternotomy |
| Mihaljevic | 2011 | USA | Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA | 2006–2009 | Retrospective PSM single-center | 106 | 106 | NR |
| Seo | 2019 | USA | University of California, Los Angeles, California | 2008–2016 | Retrospective single-center | 175 | 259 | NR |
| Sicim | 2021 | Turkey | University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara | 2014–2020 | Retrospective single-center | 64 | 66 | NR |
| Stevens | 2012 | USA | East Carolina University Hospital, Greenville, North Carolina, USA | 1992–2009 | Retrospective single-center | 447 | 377 | 76.8±54 |
| Suri | 2011 | USA | Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota | 2007–2010 | Retrospective PSM single-center | 95 | 95 | 1 |
| Wang | 2018 | USA | Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina-The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) database | 2011–2014 | Retrospective PSM multi-center database | 503 | 503 | 21.36 (11.52–30.96)** |
| Woo | 2006 | USA | University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | 2002–2005 | Retrospective single-center | 25 | 39 | NR |
| Zhao | 2020 | China | General Hospital of PLA, Beijing | 2002–2014 | Retrospective PSM single-center | 47 | 47 | 6 |
*, study also includes PSM cohorts; **, median and interquartile range. n, number of patients; SD, standard deviation; NR, not report; PSM, propensity score matched.