Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics for the Cross-sectional Population.
| Total | Male | Female | p value † | MAFLD | Non-MAFLD | p value † | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 2083984 | N = 1205765 | N = 878219 | N = 701718 | N = 1382266 | |||
| Age (year, mean (SD)) | 44.96 (14.07) | 44.99 (14.07) | 44.91 (14.07) | <0.001 | 48.22 (12.60) | 43.30 (14.48) | <0.001 |
| Gender, Female, n (%) | 878219 (42.14) | 0 (0.00) | 878219 (100.00) | <0.001 | 195880 (27.91) | 682339 (49.36) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2, mean (SD)) | 23.96 (3.67) | 24.56 (3.52) | 23.14 (3.72) | <0.001 | 26.82 (3.06) | 22.51 (3.05) | <0.001 |
| WC (cm, mean (SD)) | 82.92 (10.61) | 87.31 (9.23) | 76.38 (9.05) | <0.001 | 91.10 (8.15) | 77.91 (8.64) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg, mean (SD)) | 123 (18) | 126 (17) | 120 (20) | <0.001 | 131 (18) | 119 (17) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg, mean (SD)) | 77 (12) | 79 (12) | 74 (12) | <0.001 | 82 (12) | 74 (11) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported smoking, n (%) | 123542 (5.93) | 119389 (9.90) | 4153 (0.47) | <0.001 | 60252 (8.59) | 63290 (4.58) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported drinking, n (%) | 66905 (3.21) | 60127 (4.99) | 6778 (0.77) | <0.001 | 41620 (5.93) | 25285 (1.83) | <0.001 |
| FBG (mmol/L, mean (SD)) | 5.36 (1.26) | 5.43 (1.35) | 5.26 (1.13) | <0.001 | 5.79 (1.63) | 5.14 (0.95) | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L, mean (SD)) | 4.74 (1.03) | 4.75 (1.10) | 4.73 (0.94) | <0.001 | 4.99 (0.98) | 4.61 (1.03) | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L, mean (SD)) | 1.60 (1.42) | 1.79 (1.59) | 1.32 (1.08) | <0.001 | 2.29 (1.88) | 1.22 (0.89) | <0.001 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L, mean (SD)) | 1.35 (0.36) | 1.27 (0.32) | 1.47 (0.37) | <0.001 | 1.19 (0.29) | 1.44 (0.36) | <0.001 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L, mean (SD)) | 2.72 (0.81) | 2.76 (0.79) | 2.65 (0.82) | <0.001 | 2.92 (0.82) | 2.61 (0.77) | <0.001 |
| TBIL (μmol/L, mean (SD)) | 14.12 (6.08) | 14.79 (6.33) | 13.20 (5.58) | <0.001 | 13.95 (5.93) | 14.21 (6.15) | <0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L, mean (SD)) | 25.28 (22.79) | 28.82 (25.24) | 20.40 (17.80) | <0.001 | 34.06 (25.80) | 20.79 (19.63) | <0.001 |
| AST (IU/L, mean (SD)) | 23.35 (14.06) | 24.34 (15.55) | 22.04 (11.65) | <0.001 | 25.78 (14.18) | 22.06 (13.82) | <0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L, mean (SD)) | 4.74 (1.34) | 4.94 (1.36) | 4.47 (1.26) | <0.001 | 4.94 (1.33) | 4.64 (1.33) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L, mean (SD)) | 72.29 (19.22) | 79.37 (18.26) | 62.56 (15.97) | <0.001 | 76.13 (17.85) | 70.26 (19.60) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L, mean (SD)) | 315.21 (90.45) | 337.54 (91.61) | 287.41 (80.78) | <0.001 | 361.21 (88.97) | 294.24 (83.06) | <0.001 |
| LEU (×109/L, mean (SD)) | 6.30 (1.79) | 6.47 (1.85) | 6.06 (1.68) | <0.001 | 6.70 (1.70) | 6.09 (1.80) | <0.001 |
| RBC (×1012/L, mean (SD)) | 4.75 (0.56) | 4.95 (0.56) | 4.47 (0.42) | <0.001 | 4.92 (0.46) | 4.66 (0.58) | <0.001 |
| HGB (g/L, mean (SD)) | 144.12 (15.94) | 151.42 (13.03) | 134.01 (13.96) | <0.001 | 150.25 (14.09) | 140.98 (15.92) | <0.001 |
| PLT (×109/L, mean (SD)) | 219.39 (55.23) | 214.53 (53.50) | 226.12 (56.86) | <0.001 | 222.23 (55.07) | 217.93 (55.26) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 130361 (6.26) | 88216 (7.32) | 42145 (4.80) | <0.001 | 89073 (12.69) | 41288 (2.99) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 510953 (24.62) | 332548 (27.69) | 178405 (20.41) | <0.001 | 281793 (40.31) | 229160 (16.65) | <0.001 |
| MetS, n (%) | 640697 (32.66) | 410492 (36.48) | 230205 (27.51) | <0.001 | 428762 (65.82) | 211935 (16.17) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 850923 (43.01) | 573330 (49.99) | 277593 (33.38) | <0.001 | 450655 (65.55) | 400268 (31.00) | <0.001 |
| Hyperuricaemia, n (%) | 244479 (12.96) | 214232 (19.44) | 30247 (3.86) | <0.001 | 153191 (23.32) | 91288 (7.43) | <0.001 |
| CAD, n (%) | 29375 (1.41) | 18582 (1.54) | 10793 (1.23) | <0.001 | 13920 (1.98) | 15455 (1.12) | <0.001 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 5978 (0.29) | 2655 (0.22) | 3323 (0.38) | <0.001 | 2243 (0.32) | 3735 (0.27) | <0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 6779 (0.33) | 4029 (0.33) | 2750 (0.31) | 0.009 | 3033 (0.43) | 3746 (0.27) | <0.001 |
| FIB-4 (mean (SD)) | 1.11 (0.83) | 1.11 (0.80) | 1.12 (0.87) | 0.006 | 1.10 (0.73) | 1.12 (0.88) | <0.001 |
| CKD, n (%) | 27470 (1.43) | 15354 (1.38) | 12116 (1.49) | <0.001 | 11777 (1.77) | 15693 (1.24) | <0.001 |
MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TBIL, total bilirubin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; LEU, leukocyte count; RBC, red blood cell; HGB, haemoglobin; PLT, platelet count; MetS, metabolic syndrome; CAD, coronary heart disease; FIB-4, Fibrosis 4 Score; CKD, chronic kidney disease.
†P values were calculated by student’s t-test for normally distributed variables and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for non-normal distributed variables, as well as the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables.