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. 2022 Sep 27;9:965654. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.965654

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Copyright © 2022 Muelbert, Alexander, Vickers, Harding, Galante and Bloomfield.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Human milk concentrations of cortisol, cortisone and the cortisol-to-cortisone ratio at different lactation stages. Data are mean and standard error. Statistically significant differences are represented by different letters above the bars. ^***p < 0.001 (B) Correlations between cortisol and cortisone at different lactation stages: postnatal day 5 (left), day 10 (middle), and 4 months’ corrected age (right). Blue line represents Spearman correlation coefficient and shaded area the 95% confidence interval. 4m CA: 4 months’ corrected age.