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. 2022 Sep 27;12:1014156. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1014156

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Copyright © 2022 Altaf, Jadoon, Muhammad, Ilyas and Duan

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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CTLA-4 mechanism for T-cell regulation. The figure illustrates the relation of CTLA-4 with Tryptophan catabolization, Cbl, ZAP-70, and PI3K pathways leading to inhibition of T-cell proliferation and activation and inhibited immune response against tumor. In cancer immunotherapy, CTLA-R receptor was the first receptor to be targeted clinically. Blockade of this receptor by antibodies prevent its interaction in immune system inhibition.