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. 2022 Oct 11;15:106. doi: 10.1186/s13068-022-02203-0

Table 3.

Structures and isolations of biological lignin, and corresponding pyrolytic behaviors

Raw material	Enzyme	Isolation	Lignin	Lignin properties	Pyrolysis temperature	Pyrolytic property		Refs.
Raw material	Enzyme	Isolation	Lignin	Lignin properties	Pyrolysis temperature	Yield	Major compositions in oils	Refs.
Softwood (Fir), hardwood (Eucalyptus), non-wood (moso-bamboo)	Industrial cellulase (CMCase)	Enzymatic treatment (hydrolysis) of biomass using CMCase at 40 °C for 48 h, followed by lignin collection via centrifugation and purification via mild acidolysis in dioxane/acidified water (0.01 mol/L HCl, 85:15, v:v) at 87 °C	Softwood/hardwood/non-wood EMAL lignin (> 50%)	Softwood EMAL lignin: G/H-type lignin with G (unit) = 91.2%, H (unit) = 2.8%, β-O-4 = 56.1%, α-O-4 and β-5 = 19.0%, β–β = 5.3%, β-1 = 2.9% Hardwood/non-wood EMAL lignin: G/S/H-type lignin with G (unit) = 24.7/36.1%, S (unit) = 54.6/42.9%, H (unit) 1.5/21.0%, β-O-4 = 36.3/38.7%, α-O-4 and β-5 = 4.4/5.2%, β–β = 9.6/6.0%, β-1 = 2.0/0%	RT-300, 400, 500, 600 °C^a	800 °C^b—char: ~ 30%	300 °C^b: softwood EMAL lignin (coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol); 400 °C^b: hardwood EMAL lignin (coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol); 400 °C^b: non-wood EMAL lignin (4-vinylphenol, 4-vinylguaiacol, 4-vinylsringol)	[126]
Ginkgo, poplar	White-rot fungus Physisporinus vitreus	Lignin isolated from biomass using Björkman method and modified by white-rot fungus at 30 °C and 150 rpm for 48 h	Ginkgo lignin-laccase, poplar lignin-laccase	Ginkgo lignin-laccase, poplar lignin-laccase: G/H-type lignin with acid soluble lignin (ASL) = 0.32/0.29%, Klason lignin = 97.26/97.05%, carbohydrates = 1.18/1.32%, ash = 0.38/0.41%, C = 59.98/58.89%, H = 6.01/5.57%, N = 0.43/0.15%, O = 33.32/35.21%, S = 0.26/0.18%, O/C (molar ratio) = 0.42/0.45, H/C (molar ratio) = 1.20/1.13, methoxy = 11.17/15.68%	RT-400, 600, 800 °C^c	600 °C (exp.)^c—gas/oil/char: Ginkgo lignin-laccase (13.8/14.5/43.3%), poplar lignin-laccase (15.5/11.4/40.7%)	600 °C (exp.)^c: Ginkgo lignin-laccase (2-methoxy-phenol, vanillin2-methoxy-4-methyl-phenol), poplar lignin-laccase (2,6-dimethoxy-phenol, 2-methoxy-phenol, isoeugenol)	[249]
Four technical lignin [sugarcane bagasse steam explosion (SE), sugarcane bagasse soda-anthraquinone (SAQ), sodium lignosulfonate from eucalyptus (NaE) and sodium lignosulfonate from a mixture of eucalyptus and pine wood (NaPE)]	Lignin peroxidase (LiP), quinone reductase (OR)	Lignin treated by LiP and OR in sodium tartrate buffer (pH 3.0) at 25 °C for 24 h	SE-Lignin, SAQ-Lignin, NaE-Lignin, NaPE-Lignin	SE-Lignin, SAQ-Lignin, NaE-Lignin, NaPE-Lignin: G/S/H-type lignin with M_w = 10,126/6087/10,833/9023 g/mol, M_n = 800/1112/3165/4351 g/mol, Ð^e = 12.7/5.5/3.4/2.1	RT-550 °C^d	550 °C^d—gas/oil/char: SE-E-Lignin (8.8/47.4/43.8%), SAQ-E-Lignin (22.0/40.6/37.3%), NaE-E-Lignin (21.2/27.5/51.3%), NaPE-E-Lignin (36.4/19.8/43.8%)	550 °C^e: SE-Lignin, SAQ-Lignin, NaE-Lignin (phenol), NaPE-Lignin (guaiacol)	[255, 256]
Bamboo	White-rot fungus Echinodontium taxodii	Enzymatic hydrolysis performed in sodium acetate buffer (pH = 4.8) at 48 °C for 3 days, and lignin isolated by centrifugation	Lignin from enzymatic treated EHRL (86.4%)	G/S-type lignin with G/S (unit ratio) = 0.49, and with the decreasing content of β-O-4 structure	RT-600 °C^a	1100 K^f-char: 31.64, 32.18, 33.04% at 40, 20, 10 K/min	600 °C^a: 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, syringol, vanillic acid	[257]

^aPy-GC/MS

^bGC-FID

^cA fixed bed reactor

^dA stainless steel tubular reactor

^eGC/MS

^fTG/DTG