Effect of different microorganisms and pH on the shape, size, and crystal structure of ZrO₂ NPs.

Microorganism	Zirconia source	pH	Size range, average size (nm)	Crystal system, morphology	Ref.
Humicola sp. (fungus)	Potassium hexafluoro zirconate	9	13 nm	–, quasi-spherical	54
Fusarium oxysporum (fungus)	Potassium hexafluoro zirconate	3.6	7.3 ± 2.0 nm	Monoclinic, –	55
Acinetobacter sp. KCSI1 (bacteria)	Zirconium oxychloride octahydrate	2	44 ± 7 nm	—	56
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria)	Zirconium oxychloride octahydrate	—	6.41 nm	Monoclinic and tetragonal, –	66
Enterobacter sp. (bacteria)	Zirconium oxychloride octahydrate	—	33–75 nm	–, spherical	53