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. 2022 Aug 23;4(20):4210–4236. doi: 10.1039/d2na00367h

Zirconia-based heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification and esterification.

Reactants Catalyst Methanol to oil molar ratio Reaction temperature (°C) and time Catalyst loading Type of reaction Conversion/yield Ref.
Waste cooking oil and methanol Sr/ZrO2 29 : 1 115.5 °C, 169 min 2.7% Transesterification, esterification 79.7% 70
Soybean oil and methanol C4H4O6HK/ZrO2 16 : 1 60 °C, 2.0 h 6% Transesterification 98.03% 71
Oleic acid and methanol Chlorosulfonic acid modified zirconia 8 : 1 100 °C, 12 h 3% Esterification ∼100% 73
Refined soybean oil and methanol CdO/ZrO2 40 : 1 135 °C, 3 h 7% Transesterification 97% 75
Silybum marianum oil and methanol KOH/ZrO2 15 : 1 60 °C, 2 h 6% Transesterification 90.8% 74
Tannery waste sheep fat and methanol Ferric-manganese-doped sulfated zirconia 15 : 1 65 °C, 300 min 8% Transesterification 98.7% 76
Oleic acid and jatropha oil SO42−/Zr-KIT-6 20 : 1 120 °C, 6 h 4% Esterification, transesterification 95%, 85% 78
Soybean oil and methanol Mesoporous sulfated zirconia 12 : 1 120 °C, 4 h 4% Transesterification 94.9% 79
Soybean oil and methanol Sulfated zirconia 20 : 1 150 °C, 6 h 3% Transesterification 84.6% 80
Sunflower oil Sulphated ZrO2-MCM-41 9 : 1 60 °C, 30 min 5% Esterification 96.9% 81
Soybean oil and methanol ZrO2-supported bamboo leaf ash (ZrO2/BLA) 15 : 1 –, 30 min 12% Transesterification 92.75% 82
Oleic acid and methanol SO3H@ZrP 9 : 1 65 °C, – 5.0% Esterification 89% 95
Nannochloropsis sp. (lipid) and methanol Bi2O3/ZrO2(CTAB) 90 : 1 80 °C, 6 h 20% Transesterification, esterification 73.21% 83
Soybean oil/tributyrin, and methanol UiO-66 44 : 1.1/52 : 1.3 respectively 140 °C, 5 h/120 °C, 5 h respectively 0.1 g Transesterification 98.5%, 99.3% 90
Oleic acid and methanol UiO-66(Zr)-green, UiO-66(Zr)-NO2-green, and UiO-66(Zr)-NH2 39 : 1 60 °C, 4 h 6% Esterification 86%, 90%, 97% respectively 91
Soybean oil and methanol AILs/POM/UiO-66-2COOH 35 : 1 110 °C, 6 h 10% Esterification, transesterification 95.8% 92
Tributyrin and methanol Zr-MOFs-S 52 : 1.3 140 °C, 6 h 0.1 g Transesterification — 93
Oleic acid with methanol ZrSiW/UiO-66 20 : 1 150 °C, 4 h 0.24 g Esterification 98.0% 94