Antimicrobial activity of zirconia-based nanomaterials.

Zirconia-based nanomaterial, phase, shape, average size (nm), size range (nm)	Method	Microorganism	% Activity	Inhibition zone	Applications	Ref.
ZrO2, tetragonal, spherical, –, 50–100	Agar diffusion method	S. aureus, E. coli (bacteria) and C. albicans, A. niger (fungus)	—	23, 32, 22, 18 mm respectively	—	67
Fe3O4-doped ZrO2, tetragonal, spherical, 30	Agar well diffusion method	Bacillus subtilis (bacteria)	—	32 mm	Dental fillers	104
ZrO2, –, spherical, 5, –	Agar well diffusion method	Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, and Salmonella typhi (bacteria)	—	21, 19, 19 mm respectively	—	105
Polyaniline-ZrO2, –, –, –, –	Agar diffusion method	E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus (bacteria)	—	14, 18 mm respectively	Used in the treatment of wastewater effluent and decontamination of rearing water	106
ZrO2, monoclinic, spherical, 35, 32–38	Disc diffusion method	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis (bacteria)	—	10 mm in Pseudomonas aeruginosa	—	43
ZrO2–ZnO, –, spherical, 26–34, –	Disc diffusion method	Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella oxytoca (bacteria)	—	—	—	108
Glutamic acid functionalized zirconia (GA-ZrO2), cubic, spherical, 2.5, –	Autoclaved brain heart infusion broth (BHI) or agar	Rothia mucilaginosa, Rothia dentocariosa, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus mutans (bacteria)	58% ± 4.9% (R. dentocariosa) 52% ± 2.9% (Streptococcus mutans)	—	—	109
ZrO2, –, spherical, –, 15–21	Disc diffusion method	Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteria)	—	20 mm in Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Anti-tooth decay applications	107
ZrO2, tetragonal, –, 17, –	Agar dilution method	Rhizoctonia solani (fungus)	86.6%, 100 μg L−1	—	Improved cucumber growth	110
ZrO2, –, spherical, –, 33–75	Agar well diffusion	Pestalotiopsis versicolor (fungus)	—	25.18 ± 1.52 mm	Protects bayberry (twig blight disease pathogen) plants against antifungal agents	53