Application of zirconia-based nanomaterials in sensing.

Sensor	Synthesis method	Analyte	Working temperature	Recovery time, response time	Sensing technique	Limit of detection/linear response	Ref.
ZrO2 on a silicon substrate	—	Humidity	10–30 °C	60 s, 130 s	Measurement of impedance	—	134
ZrO2 NP decorated graphene nanosheets	Electrochemical approach	Methyl parathion	—	–, –	Square-wave voltammetry	0.6 ng mL−1	135
Zirconia nanocubes	Hydrothermal method	Arsenic(iii)	—	–, below 2 s	Cyclic voltammetry	5 ppb	29
Zirconia NPs	Precipitation method	Dimethyl amine	330 °C	–, less than 50 s	Cataluminescence	6.47 × 10−4 ng mL−1	138
ZrO2 5%Y/ZrO2 Ag-5% Y/ZrO2	Hydrothermal method	CO2	300–400 °C	22 s, –	Measurement of current	—	139
Polyaniline zirconia nanocomposite	Polymerization method	Esomeprazole	—	–, 9 s	Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry	97.21 ng mL−1	140
Au-NPs/ZrO2 nanofiber	Nonthermal spin-coated sol–gel method	Pesticide	—	–, –	Surface-enhanced Raman scattering	10−6 to 10−8 M	137
GQDs@La3+@ZrO2 nanoparticles	Bottom-up and sintering approach	Flutamide	Room temperature	—	Electrochemical signal	0.00082 μM	136
ZrO2 NP modified carbon paste electrode	Hydrothermal method	Gallic acid	Room temperature	—	Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV)	1.24 × 10−7 mol L−1	133
SiO2ZrO2 composite	Sol–gel method	NO2	25 °C	Varied	Measurement of resistance	—	141