Figure 3.

hDPSC-apoVs induce angiogenesis and dental pulp regeneration in vivo

(AI and Bi) Representative microscope images of H&E staining show regeneration of dental pulp in tooth scaffolds. Scale bars, 1 mm. (Aii and iii and Bii and iii) Enlarged view of boxed area in (i). Scale bars, 100 μm in low-magnification images and 50 μm in high-magnification images. (Aiv and Biv) Masson’s Trichrome staining of boxed area in (i). (Av and Bv) Immunofluorescence analysis shows the vessel density in new-formation dental-pulp-like tissues. Scale bars, 100 μm in low-magnification images and 50 μm in high-magnification images; n=5 per group. (C) Representative CBCT images (top) of incisor teeth before and after treatment and 3D images (bottom) of incisor teeth before and after treatment. The amount of dentin was increased after treatment in the apoV and normal groups (white arrows); n = 5 per group. (Di and Fi) Representative microscope images of H&E staining show regeneration effect of dental pulp in beagle’s incisor teeth. Scale bars, 0.5 mm. H&E and Masson’s Trichrome staining of PBS group (Dii and iii), dental pulp revascularization (Revas) group (Eii and iii), and apoVs group (Fii and iii). Scale bars, 100 μm in low-magnification images and 50 μm in high-magnification images. (G) Immunofluorescence analysis shows the expression of blood vessel marker CD31, with positive represented by green stains. Scale bars, 200 μm in low-magnification images and 50 μm in high-magnification images. Apex, root tip of teeth; bv, blood vessels; dp, dental pulp; nd, newly formed dentin; d, dentin; n = 5 per group. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analyses were performed by Student’s t test (two-tailed) for two group comparisons and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test or Welch’s ANOVA with Games-Howell post hoc test for multiple group comparisons. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ns, p > 0.05.