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. 2022 Apr 9;30(10):3133–3154. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.01.046

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Tumor-derived exosomal non-coding RNAs promote macrophage polarization

Circ0048117, lncRNA TUC339, and miR-21-5p interfere with TLRs or other receptors on the surface of macrophages to induce M2 polarization. miR-21, miR-25-3p, miR-130b-3p, miR-425-5p, hypoxic miR-301a-3p, and circFARSA inhibit PTEN to activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and induce M2 polarization. miR-29a-3p, miR-222-3p, hypoxic miR-21-3p, hypoxic miR-125b-5p, and hypoxic miR-181d-5p promote M2 polarization by suppressing SOCS signaling. miR-21 activates STAT signaling and promotes M2 polarization. miR-9, miR-451/miR-21, miRNA let-7a-5p/let7-b, -g, -i, miR-125b-5p, miRNA let-7a, miR-1246, miR21, and miR-16 downregulate PPARδ, c-Myc, integrin-β3, LIPA, IRS-1/IRS-2/INSR/IGF1R, TERF2IP, PDCD4/IL12A, and IKKα mRNAs, respectively, to induce M1 or M2 polarization. lncRNA DLX6-AS1 competitively binds to miR-15a-5p to induce M2 polarization.