Table 1.

Tumor-derived exosomal ncRNAs promote macrophage polarization

Exosomal ncRNAs		Cancer type	Expression levels in tumor cells and their exosomes	Potential direct target gene(s) of ncRNAs in macrophages	Mechanism	Macrophage polarization	Effect	Ref.
miRNAs	miR-9	HPV+ HNSCC	high	PPARδ↓	downregulate PPARδ mRNA	M1	increase the radiosensitivity of HPV+ HNSCC	Tong et al.46
	miR-451/miR-21	GBM	high	c-Myc↓	downregulate c-Myc mRNA	M2	/	Van der Vos et al.47
	miRNA let-7a-5p miRNAs let7-b, -g, -i	PCa	high	integrin-β3↓	downregulate integrin-β3	M2	tumor migration	Ferguson et al.48
	miR-21-5p	CRC	high	/	bind to TLR7	M1	liver metastasis	Shao et al.51
	miR-125b-5p	melanoma	high in exosomes	LIPA↓	target LIPA	M2	/	Gerloff et al.52
	miR-21	bladder cancer	high	PTEN↓	inhibit PTEN activation and increase STAT3 expression	M2	cancer migration and invasion	Lin et al.56
	miR-25-3p miR-130b-3p miR-425-5p	CRC	high	PTEN↓	downregulate PTEN and activate PI3K/AKT signaling	M2	tumor metastasis by enhancing EMT and secreting VEGF	Wang and co-workers57,58
	miR-29a-3p	oral squamous cell carcinoma	high	SOCS1↓	regulate SOCS1/STAT6 signaling activity	M2	cancer proliferation and invasion	Cai et al.62
	miR-223	CSCC	high	/	/	M1	tumor progression	Zhang et al.63
	miR-301a-3p	PC	high under hypoxic conditions	PTEN↓	activate the PTEN/PI3Kγ signaling pathway	M2	cancer migration, invasion, and EMT	Wang and co-workers66,67
	miRNA let-7a	/	low in tumor cells and high in exosomes under hypoxic conditions	IRS-1, IRS-2, INSR, and IGF1R↓	enhance oxidative phosphorylation and inhibit the insulin-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway	M2	/	Park et al.69
	miR-1246	glioma	high under hypoxic conditions	TERF2IP↓	target TERF2IP to activate STAT3 signaling and inhibit NF-κB signaling	M2	cancer proliferation, migration, and invasion	Qian et al.70
	miR-222-3p	EOC	high	SOCS3↓	regulate the SOCS3/STAT3 pathway	M2	cancer proliferation, migration	Ying et al.71
	miR-940	EOC	high under hypoxic conditions	/	/	M2	tumor progression	Chen et al.72
	miR-21-3p miR-125b-5p miR-181d-5p	EOC	high under hypoxic conditions	SOCS4/5↓	regulate the SOCS4/5/STAT3 pathway	M2	cancer proliferation and migration	Chen et al.73
	miR21	head and neck cancer	high	PDCD4 and IL12A↓	downregulate PDCD4 and IL12A	M2	tumor growth and angiogenesis	Hsieh et al.78
	miR-16	BC	high after epigallocatechin gallate treatment	IKKα↓	downregulate IKKα and accumulate Iκ-B to suppress NF-κB activity	M2→M1	/	Jang et al.83
lncRNAs	lncRNA TUC339	HCC	high	/	regulate cytokine receptor signaling pathways and CXCR chemokine receptor binding pathways	M2	cancer proliferation and reduce cancer cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix	Kogure and co-workers49,50
	lncRNA DLX6-AS1	HCC	high	miR-15a-5p↓	regulate the miRNA-15a-5p/CXCL17 axis	M2	cancer migration, invasion and EMT, including pulmonary metastasis	Wang et al.77
	lncRNA RPPH1	CRC	high	/	/	M2	cancer metastasis and proliferation	Liang and co-workers79,80
	lncRNA FGD5-AS1	NSCLC	high	/	/	M2	cancer migration and invasion	Lv et al.82
circRNAs	circFARSA	NSCLC	high	PTEN↓	increase ubiquitination and degradation of PTEN and activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway	M2	EMT and metastasis	Chen et al.59
	circ0048117	ESCC	high under hypoxic conditions	miR-140↓	act as a sponge of miR-140 by competing with TLR4	M2	tumor invasion and migration	Lu et al.68
	circ0074854	HCC	high	/	/	M2	tumor migration and invasion	Wang et al.81
	cicHIPK3 cicPTK2	NSCLC	high	/	/	M2	Kras-associated chemoresistance	Katopodi et al.84