Table 4. Physicochemical Properties and Elemental Composition of the 10 wt % Upgraded HTL/VGO Blend and Individual Blend Components.
| property | VGO | upgraded HTLa | 10 wt % upgraded HTL/VGO blend |
|---|---|---|---|
| density at 60 °C (g/cm3) | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.85 |
| heating value (MJ/kg) | 44.7 | 41.6 | 44.7 |
| MCRT (wt %) | 0.02 | 9.4 | 0.4 |
| TAN (mg of KOH/g) | 0.1 | 3.7 | 0.4 |
| viscosity at 50 °C (cP) | 21.2 | N/A | 14.0 |
| H2O content (wt %) | 1.1 | ||
| Elemental Analysis (wt %, db) | |||
| carbon | 86.7 | 83.7 | 86.6 |
| hydrogen | 13.2 | 11.3 | 13.0 |
| nitrogen | 0.01 | 2.20 | 0.22 |
| sulfur | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.03 |
| oxygen (by difference) | 0.07 | 2.60 | 0.16 |
a
Upgraded HTL refers to the upgraded HTL oil from the two-stage hydrotreating test at 250 and 350 °C.