TABLE 3.
The effects of counteracting interventions on inactivity-induced vascular dysfunction.
| Outcome measures | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| References | Population (N) | Artery | Inactivity model | Intervention | %FMD | Shear rate/stress | Other |
| Ballard et al. (2017) | Young healthy (11) | SFA | SIT (3 h) | Running (45 min, prior sitting) | ↑ | ↑ | ET-1: ↔ |
| Bleeker et al. (2005) | Young healthy (16) | SFA - CFA - BA- CCA | Bed rest (52 days) | Resistive vibration exercise (twice daily for 30 min) | SFA: ↔ | Diameter (SFA: ↑; CFA: ↑; BA: ↔; CCA: ↔) | |
| Caldwell et al. (2020) | Young healthy (26) | SFA | SIT (2 h) | Standing (replacing sitting with standing); Foot heating (during sitting at 49°C) | Standing: ↑; Foot heating: ↑ | Standing: ↑; Foot heating: ↑ | ET-1 (Standing: ↔; Foot heating: ↔); PWV (Standing: ↑; Foot heating: ↔) |
| Carter et al. (2017) | Young healthy (10) | BA | SIT (∼1.5 h) | Callisthenics exercises (2 min every 20 min) | ↔ | ↑ | |
| Carter et al. (2019) | Young healthy (15) | SFA | SIT (4 h) | 2WALK (2-min walking break every 30 min); 8WALK (8-min walking break every 2 h) | 2WALK: ↔; 8WALK: ↔ | 2WALK: ↔; 8WALK: ↔ | |
| Cho et al. (2020) | Young healthy (12) | PA - BA | SIT (4 h) | Stair climbing (5 min every h) | BA: ↑ | PA: ↑ | |
| Climie et al. (2018) | Late middle-aged at risk (19) | SFA - BA | SIT (5 h) | SRA (3 min every 30 min) | SFA: ↑; BA: ↔ | SFA: ↔; BA: ↔ | ET-1: ↓ |
| Cohen et al. (2021) | Young healthy (31) | SFA | Leg immobilization (14 days) | BFR (twice daily for 30 min); BFR + EMS (twice daily for 30 min) | ↔ | ↔ | Diameter: ↔ |
| Decker et al. (2021) | Young healthy (26) | CFA | SIT (1.5 h) | Vitamin C supplementation (1 g, 90 min prior to the testing session) | PLM-induced hyperaemia [LBFΔpeak (men: ↑; women: ↔)] | ||
| Evans et al. (2019) | Young healthy (20) | SIT (3 h) | Calf exercise (10 calf raises every 10 min) | PWV: ↔; TSI: ↑ | |||
| Garten et al. (2019a) | Young healthy (10) | CFA | SIT (3 h) | Cycling (∼45 min, prior sitting) | PLM-induced hyperaemia (∆LBF: ↑; LBF AUC: ↑) | ||
| Hartman et al. (2021) | Elderly at risk (24) | SFA | 16-week intervention (reduced sitting + physical activity) | ↑ | Diameter: ↑ | ||
| Hartman et al. (2021) | Elderly at risk (24) | SFA | SIT (3 h) | Walking (2 min every 30 min) | ↑ | ||
| Hyldahl et al. (2021) | Young healthy (21) | CFA | Leg immobilization (10 days) | Thigh heating (2 h, daily) | Diameter: ↑; PLM hyperaemia: ↑; VEGF: ↑; ET-1: ↔ | ||
| Kowalsky et al. (2019) | Late middle-aged at risk (14) | SIT (4 h) | SRA (every h) | PWV: ↔ | |||
| Kruse et al. (2018) | Early middle-aged (overweight/obese) (13) | PA | SIT (4 h) | Standing (10 min every h); desk pedalling (10 min every h) | Standing: ↔; desk pedalling: ↔ | Standing: ↔; desk pedalling: ↔ | |
| McManus et al. (2015) | Young healthy girls (9) | SFA | SIT (3 h) | Cycling (10 min every h) | ↑ | ↔ | |
| Morishima et al. (2017) | Young healthy (15) | PA | SIT (3 h) | Cycling (45 min, prior sitting); standing (replacing sitting with standing) | Cycling: ↑; standing: ↑ | Cycling: ↑; standing: ↑ | |
| Morishima et al. (2016) | Young healthy (11) | PA | SIT (3 h) | Intermittent leg fidgeting (cycle: 1 min on, 4 min off) | ↑ | ↑ | |
| Morishima et al. (2020a) | Young healthy (19) | PA | SIT (3 h) | Fish oil supplementation (8 capsules per day, for 8 weeks) | ↔ | ↔ | |
| Peddie et al. (2021) | Young healthy (18) | PA | SIT (6 h) | Standing (replacing sitting with standing); activity breaks (2 min of walking every 30 min) | Standing: ↔; activity breaks: ↔ | Standing: ↑; activity breaks: ↑ | Blood flow: (Standing: ↑; activity breaks: ↑) |
| Restaino et al. (2015) | Young healthy (11) | PA - BA | SIT (6 h) | Walking (10 min, after sitting) | PA: ↑; BA: ↔ | PA: ↑; BA: ↔ | |
| Restaino et al. (2016) | Young healthy (10) | PA | SIT (3 h) | Foot heating (during sitting at 42°C) | ↑ | ↑ | |
| Taylor et al. (2020) | Young at risk (13) | SFA | SIT (3.5 h) | SRA (3 min every 30 min) | ↔ | ↑ | |
| Taylor et al. (2021) | Middle-aged/elderly at risk (24) | SFA | SIT (7 h) | SRA3 (3 min of SRA every 30 min); SRA6 (6 min of SRA every 60 min) | SRA3: ↑; SRA6: ↔ | SRA3: ↑; SRA6: ↑ | ET-1 (SRA3: ↔; SRA6: ↔) |
| Teixeira et al. (2017) | Young healthy (13) | PA | Step reduction (5 days) | Intermittent foot heating (3 times [30 min each] per day at 42°C) | ↑ | Diameter: ↔ | |
| Thosar et al. (2015a) | Young healthy (12) | SFA | SIT (3 h) | Walking (5 min every h) | ↑ | ↔ | |
| Thosar et al. (2015b) | Young healthy (11) | SFA | SIT (3 h) | Vitamin C supplementation (1 tablet of 1 g after 30 min; 1 tablet of 500 mg after 90 min) | ↑ | ↔ | |
| Tremblay et al. (2019) | Young Healthy (11) | SFA | SIT (0.5 h) | Replacing normal sitting with sitting cross-legged | ↔ | ↑ | PWV: ↔ |
BA, brachial artery; BFR, blood flow restriction; CCA, common carotid artery; CFA, common femoral artery; EMS, electrical muscle stimulation; ET-1, endothelin-1; LBF, leg blood flow; PA, popliteal artery; PLM, passive leg movement; PWV, pulse wave velocity; SFA, superficial femoral artery; SIT, sitting; SRA, simple resistance activities; TSI, tissue saturation index; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.