TABLE 1.
Patient Demographics
| Variable | COVID-19, n = 193 | First Wave, n = 97 | Second wave, n = 96 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient demographics | ||||
| Age, yr | 53 (48–60) | 53 (47–58) | 54 (48–62) | 0.14 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.4 (26.3–32.2) | 28.7 (26.1–31.8) | 30.1 (27.2–33.8) | 0.04 |
| Male gender | 150 (78%) | 73 (75%) | 77 (80%) | 0.51 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hypertension | 68 (35%) | 30 (31%) | 38 (40%) | 1.00 |
| Myocardial infarction | 11 (6%) | 2 (2%) | 9 (9%) | 0.13 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 49 (25%) | 13 (13%) | 36 (38%) | 0.001 |
| Asthma | 16 (8%) | 9 (9%) | 7 (7%) | 0.74 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 11 (6%) | 7 (7%) | 4 (4%) | 1.00 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 3 (2%) | 3 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.42 |
| Chronic kidney failure | 10 (5%) | 5 (5%) | 5 (5%) | 1.00 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 3 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 0.99 |
| Malignancy | 4 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 1.00 |
| Immunocompromised state | 12 (6%) | 8 (8%) | 4 (4%) | 0.37 |
| Route of admission | 0.65 | |||
| Admission from emergency department | 24 (12%) | 10 (10%) | 14 (15%) | |
| Admission from general ward | 30 (16%) | 16 (17%) | 14 (15%) | |
| Admission from referring hospital | 139 (72%) | 71 (73%) | 68 (71%) | |
| Values prior to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | ||||
| Lactate, mmol/L | 1.6 (1.2–2.5) | 1.6 (1.2–2.5) | 1.5 (1.2–2.6) | 0.71 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 221 (97–313) | 265 (146–350) | 175 (77–267) | 0.001 |
| Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score | 9 (8–12) | 9 (7–11) | 10 (8–12) | 0.049 |
| Pao2/Fio2 ratio, mm Hg | 69 (55–94) | 64 (53–100) | 73 (58–93) | 0.45 |
| Ventilatory parameters | ||||
| Ventilatory mode | 0.08 | |||
| Pressure support ventilation | 14 (8%) | 4 (4%) | 10 (11%) | |
| Volume—CMV | 77 (42%) | 33 (36%) | 44 (48%) | |
| Pressure—CMV | 86 (47%) | 52 (56%) | 34 (37%) | |
| Volume—SIMV | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Pressure—SIMV | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Other | 6 (3%) | 3 (3%) | 3 (3%) | |
| Fio2, % | 100 (75–100) | 100 (70–100) | 100 (80–100) | 0.54 |
| Peak pressure, cm H2O | 32 (28–38) | 32 (30–38) | 30 (28–37) | 0.08 |
| Positive end-expiratory pressure, cm H2O | 12 (± 4) | 13 (± 4) | 12 (± 4) | 0.08 |
| Prone positioning prior | 157 (83%) | 81 (84%) | 76 (83%) | 1.00 |
| Neuromuscular blockersprior | 141 (78%) | 72 (78%) | 69 (77%) | 0.94 |
CMV = continuous mandatory ventilation, SIMV = synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation.
Variables are stated as n (%) for categorical variables, mean ± sd for parametric, and median (1st quartile–3rd quartile) for nonparametric numeric data.
First wave is defined as ICU admission from March 1, 2020, to June 1, 2020; second wave is defined as ICU admission from June 1, 2020, to December 31, 2020.
All significant (p < 0.05) values are given in bold.