TABLE 2.
ECMO Characteristics and Patient
| Outcomes | COVID-19 Population, n = 193 | First Wave, n = 97 | Second Wave, n = 96 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration hospitalization—start ECMO, d | 10.5 (6–18) | 9 (6–15) | 13 (8–20) | 0.04 |
| Duration ICU admission—start ECMO, d | 7 (5–14) | 7 (5–12) | 9 (5–15) | 0.33 |
| Duration onset symptoms—start ECMO, d | 18 (14–26) | 17 (13–24) | 19 (14–26) | 0.44 |
| Transferred on ECMO to participating center | 63 (33%) | 32 (33%) | 31 (32%) | 1.00 |
| ECMO duration, d | 15 (9–24) | 14 (8–20) | 18 (10–30) | < 0.01 |
| Second run | 8 (4%) | 4 (4%) | 4 (4%) | 1.00 |
| Indication for ECMO | 0.49 | |||
| Refractory hypoxemia | 95 (49%) | 48 (50%) | 47 (49%) | |
| Refractory hypercapnia | 10 (5%) | 4 (4%) | 6 (6%) | |
| Combined hypercapnia and hypoxemia | 84 (44%) | 43 (44%) | 41 (43%) | |
| Other, i.e., pulmonary embolism | 4 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (2%) | |
| Complications prior | ||||
| Pulmonary embolism | 18 (10%) | 6 (6%) | 12 (13%) | 0.21 |
| Venothrombotic event | 9 (5%) | 4 (4%) | 5 (5%) | 1.00 |
| Acute kidney injury | 34 (18%) | 19 (20%) | 15 (16%) | 0.57 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 18 (10%) | 11 (12%) | 7 (7%) | 0.46 |
| Complications during ECMO | ||||
| Hemorrhagic complication | 107 (56%) | 48 (50%) | 59 (62%) | 0.15 |
| Cannula-related | 23 (12%) | 11 (11%) | 12 (13%) | 0.98 |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 17 (9%) | 8 (8%) | 9 (9%) | 0.98 |
| Gastrointestinal bleed | 16 (8%) | 5 (5%) | 11 (12%) | 0.19 |
| Arterial thrombotic complication | 6 (3%) | 4 (4%) | 2 (2%) | 0.68 |
| Venous thrombotic complication | 20 (10%) | 11 (12%) | 9 (9%) | 0.81 |
| Lower extremity | 6 (3%) | 3 (3%) | 3 (3%) | 1.00 |
| Upper extremity | 9 (5%) | 6 (6%) | 3 (3%) | 0.51 |
| Mechanical thrombotic complication | 26 (14%) | 10 (10%) | 16 (17%) | 0.29 |
| Cannula-related | 5 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (5%) | 0.07 |
| Oxygenator | 24 (12%) | 10 (10%) | 14 (15%) | 0.50 |
| Pump | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2%) | 0.47 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 13 (7%) | 6 (6%) | 7 (7%) | 1.00 |
| Superinfection | 114 (59%) | 57 (59%) | 57 (59%) | 1.00 |
| Acute kidney injury | 104 (54%) | 56 (58%) | 48 (50%) | 0.35 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 97 (50%) | 55 (57%) | 42 (44%) | 0.10 |
| Survival | ||||
| 28-d mortality | 67 (35%) | 38 (39%) | 29 (30%) | 0.25 |
| 60-d mortality | 87 (45%) | 43 (44%) | 44 (46%) | 0.95 |
ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Variables are stated as n (%) for categorical variables, mean ± sd for parametric, and median (1st quartile–third quartile) for nonparametric numeric data.
First wave is defined as ICU admission from March 1, 2020, to June 1, 2020; second wave is defined as ICU admission from June 1, 2020, to December 31, 2020.
All significant (p < 0.05) values are given in bold.