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LPA4 mediates LPA-induced spinal cord neuron apoptosis, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. (a, c) The expression of LPA4, DNA damage-related proteins in spinal cord neurons were measured by western blotting. (b) The apoptotic ratio was detected by flow cytometry. (d) Quantity analysis of intensity of the DCFDA staining and MitoSOx staining. Asterisks indicate statistical significance (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01).
