Table 4.

Cost-effectiveness metrics for achievement of proficiency benchmarks

	Adjusted cost estimates	Adjusted rate for staff achievement of the beginning proficiency benchmark	Beginning proficiency ICER	Adjusted rate for staff achievement of the advanced proficiency benchmark	Advanced proficiency ICER
In-person workshop training	$811	0.86		0.36
Virtual workshop training	$388	0.96		0.41
Incremental difference	$423*	−0.10	Dominant	−0.05	Dominant

The adjusted cost and proficiency estimates in this table reflect estimates controlling for the effects of educational attainment, and therefore may not match the actual costs or attainment rates reported elsewhere; the incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated to specify the ratio of between-cohort cost differences to the difference in training outcomes, to indicate what resources must be invested to obtain an additional unit of outcome at a given willingness-to-pay; proficiency benchmarks used to represent training outcomes were derived from the contingency management competence scale; scale average scores of 4.0 as threshold for achievement of beginning proficiency and 5.8 as threshold for achievement of advanced proficiency; the dominant training strategy is that which is both more effective and less costly

^*p < 0.05