Table 3.
Short-term and long-term effects of FSN and TENS groups on VAS, PPT, and TH.
| Pre-tx | Day 8 | P a | Difference | P c | Day 15 | P b | Difference | P c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAS (0–10) | |||||||||
| FSN | 5.95 ± 1.36 | 2.81 ± 1.94 | <0.001 | −3.16 ± 1.78 | 0.204 | 2.06 ± 1.70 | <0.001 | −3.95 ± 1.61 | 0.093 |
| TENS | 6.71 ± 1.80 | 4.21 ± 1.57 | <0.001 | −2.50 ± 2.01 | 3.63 ± 1.52 | <0.001 | −3.08 ± 1.95 | ||
|
| |||||||||
| PPT (N) | |||||||||
| FSN | 37.40 ± 5.11 | 35.43 ± 10.86 | 0.589 | −1.27 ± 11.67 | 0.017 | 36.09 ± 12.14 | 0.158 | −0.48 ± 12.98 | 0.020 |
| TENS | 39.31 ± 6.63 | 31.28 ± 8.88 | <0.001 | −8.02 ± 8.51 | 31.28 ± 9.68 | <0.001 | −8.02 ± 9.17 | ||
|
| |||||||||
| TH (%) | |||||||||
| FSN | 56.75 ± 8.03 | 55.77 ± 5.73 | 0.310 | −1.47 ± 9.42 | 0.957 | 53.83 ± 6.56 | 0.567 | −3.27 ± 10.53 | 0.500 |
| TENS | 56.80 ± 9.49 | 55.95 ± 9.49 | 0.594 | −0.85 ± 8.64 | 55.62 ± 5.64 | 0.462 | −1.18 ± 8.66 | ||
Data were expressed as mean ± SD; P value was tested with an independent two-sample t-test. aCompares the value in pre-Tx and on day 8 of FSN or TENS group. bCompares the value on day 8 and on day 15 of FSN or TENS group. ccompares the value of difference between FSN and TENS group. FSN: Fu's subcutaneous needling; TENS: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; VAS: visual analog scale; PPT: pain pressure threshold; TH: Tissue hardness of muscle.