Table 3.
Mixed-effects model estimates for verbal fluency.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Est. | 95% CI | p | Est. | 95% CI | p | Est. | 95% CI | p | |
| Residence during follow-up (ref. big city) | |||||||||
| Suburbs | − 0.208 | [− 0.353, − 0.063] | 0.005 | − 0.065 | [− 0.218, 0.088] | 0.403 | 0.005 | [− 0.146, 0.156] | 0.948 |
| Large town | − 0.206 | [− 0.342, − 0.071] | 0.003 | 0.013 | [− 0.133, 0.159] | 0.860 | 0.096 | [− 0.048, 0.239] | 0.192 |
| Small town | − 0.366 | [− 0.501, − 0.231] | 0.000 | − 0.011 | [− 0.166, 0.143] | 0.887 | 0.114 | [− 0.038, 0.266] | 0.143 |
| Rural | − 0.352 | [− 0.489, − 0.216] | 0.000 | 0.140 | [− 0.024, 0.303] | 0.094 | 0.282 | [0.121, 0.443] | 0.001 |
| Early-life residence (ref. big city) | |||||||||
| Suburbs | − 0.294 | [− 0.572, − 0.016] | 0.039 | − 0.096 | [− 0.360, 0.174] | 0.480 | |||
| Large town | − 0.237 | [− 0.457, − 0.018] | 0.034 | − 0.162 | [− 0.373, 0.048] | 0.131 | |||
| Small town | − 0.491 | [− 0.696, − 0.285] | 0.000 | − 0.197 | [− 0.394, − 0.000] | 0.050 | |||
| Rural | − 1.008 | [− 1.194, − 0.823] | 0.000 | − 0.406 | [− 0.585, − 0.227] | 0.000 | |||
| Midlife residence (ref. big city) | |||||||||
| Suburbs | − 0.015 | [− 0.257, 0.226] | 0.900 | 0.156 | [− 0.077, 0.388] | 0.189 | |||
| Large town | − 0.298 | [− 0.512, − 0.084] | 0.006 | − 0.100 | [− 0.305, 0.106] | 0.342 | |||
| Small town | − 0.285 | [− 0.493, − 0.078] | 0.007 | − 0.008 | [− 0.208, 0.192] | 0.936 | |||
| Rural | − 0.403 | [− 0.610, − 0.196] | 0.000 | 0.058 | [− 0.142, 0.257] | 0.572 | |||
| Education (ref. ISCED-3) | |||||||||
| ISCED-0 | − 3.020 | [− 3.295, − 2.745] | 0.000 | ||||||
| ISCED-1 | − 2.224 | [− 2.377, − 2.070] | 0.000 | ||||||
| ISCED-2 | − 1.186 | [− 1.338, − 1.034] | 0.000 | ||||||
| ISCED-4 | 0.537 | [0.267, 0.808] | 0.000 | ||||||
| ISCED-5 | 1.347 | [1.185, 1.508] | 0.000 | ||||||
| ISCED-6 | 2.224 | [1.576, 2.872] | 0.000 | ||||||
| Job skill (ref. low) | |||||||||
| High | 1.087 | [0.954, 1.219] | 0.000 | ||||||
| Never worked | − 1.166 | [− 1.353, − 0.978] | 0.000 | ||||||
| Marginal R2 | 0.255 | 0.258 | 0.298 | ||||||
| Conditional R2 | 0.613 | 0.613 | 0.613 | ||||||
N = 38,165; N observations = 127,377. Adjusted for country of residence, age, sex, self-reported health, depression, and drinking and smoking behaviour. Marginal R2 is the variance explained by the fixed effects. Conditional R2 is the variance explained by the entire model including the random effects.
CI: Confidence interval calculated using likelihood profile method.