Fig. 2. Adjusted, short-term repeatability and variance estimates (among- and within-individual) for exploratory behavior (i.e., time spent exploring the barrier), activity (i.e., number of transitions between grid squares), and boldness (i.e., re-emergence latency) of lizards from native Australian populations (grey; n = 167 skinks), as well as skinks from their invasive range in Hawaii (blue; n = 118), Lord Howe Island (green; n = 92), and New Zealand (pink; n = 143).

For each graph, filled circles represent the median variance/repeatability estimates extracted from linear mixed-effects models, vertical error bars denote 95% credible intervals, and plot width represents probability density. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.