TABLE 3.

Risk factors for PPD in women who underwent elective CS.

Characteristics	Unadjusted OR (95%CI)	P-value	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P-value
Antenatal SDS	1.06 (1.03–1.09)	<0.001*	1.00 (0.96–1.05)	0.93
Antenatal SAS	1.13 (1.09–1.18)	<0.001*	1.10 (1.04–1.16)	0.002*
Pain of uterine contraction at 2 days postpartum	1.55 (1.04–2.31)	0.031*	1.33 (0.86–2.06)	0.19
Pain from surgical scar at 2 days postpartum	1.61 (1.00–2.59)	0.048*	2.06 (0.98–4.34)	0.056
NRS for pain from surgical scar at 2 days postpartum	1.08 (1.00–1.17)	0.034*	0.97 (0.85–1.10)	0.65
EPDS at discharge	1.18 (1.11–1.26)	<0.001*	1.04 (0.94–1.16)	0.44
Postpartum depressive symptoms at 2 days postpartum (EPDS ≥ 11)	14.53 (5.34–39.49)	<0.001*	6.17 (1.35–28.31)	0.019*
Pain at 6 weeks postpartum	2.60 (1.76–3.83)	<0.001*	2.14 (1.24–3.69)	0.006*
Pain that interfered with daily life	2.51 (1.58–3.99)	<0.001*	1.35 (0.66–2.80)	0.41
Pain that affected the quality of sleep	2.45 (1.41–4.24)	0.001*	1.01 (0.45–2.25)	0.98
Need for pain medication	2.21 (1.04–4.70)	0.04*	0.99 (0.39–2.56)	0.99

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SDS, Self-Rating Depression Scale; SAS, Self-rating Anxiety Scale; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

*P < 0.05.