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. 2022 Mar 11;108(20):1600–1607. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-320417

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

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Risk of bias, publication bias and heterogeneity. Top panel (A; bar chart) shows the overall risk of bias based on QUADAS-2 criteria (see online supplemental table S4 for each study). Bottom panel demonstrates high likelihood of publication bias (B; weighted funnel plot) and study heterogeneity (C; bivariate box plot with the inner shaded area representing the median distribution of sensitivity and specificity, and the outer area the 95% confidence bound). See table 3 for numbers linking to each study comparison.