Fig. 1.

The gut microbiota helps maintaining the balance of the mucosal barrier and immune homeostasis (created with BioRender.com). In the healthy gut, the intact mucosa barrier and tight junction prevent the translocation of gut microbiota, while gut microbiota dysbiosis causes disease. Under the leaky gut caused by dysbiosis, the gut microbiota translocases into the blood; the components of microbiota such as LPS activate TLRs and NLRs induce inflammation, endotoxemia, and immune dysregulation, resulting the development of CVDs. Abbreviations: JAM, junctional adhesion molecules; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; TLRs: Toll like receptors; NLRs: Nod-like receptors